Maurice Ravel |

Maurice Ravel

Muusig weyn, waan ku qanacsanahay tan, had iyo jeer waxay ka timaadaa wadnaha ... Muusigga, waxaan ku adkaysanayaa tan, iyada oo aan loo eegin waxa, waa inay ahaato mid qurux badan. M. Ravel

Muusiga M. Ravel - laxamiistaha Faransiiska ee ugu weyn, sayid qurux badan oo midab muusiko ah - waxa uu isku daraa jilicsanaan la yaab leh iyo dhawaaqyo guduudan oo leh hufnaan qadiimi ah iyo iswaafajinta foomamka. Waxa uu qoray 2 operas (Saacaddii Isbaanishka, Ilmaha iyo Sixirka), 3 ballet (oo ay ku jiraan Daphnis iyo Chloe), oo u shaqeeya orchestra (Spanish Rhapsody, Waltz, Bolero), 2 riwaayadaha piano, rhapsody for violin "Gypsy", Quartet, Trio, sonatas (oo loogu talagalay violin iyo cello, violin iyo piano), halabuurka piano (oo ay ku jiraan Sonatina, "Ciyaarta Biyaha", wareegyada "Night Gaspar", "Noble and Sentimental Waltzes", "Reflections", "The Tomb of Couperin" , Qaybo ka mid ah waxa loogu talo galay in lagu xasuusto asxaabtii halabuurkii ku dhintay dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka), hobolada, jacaylka. Hal-abuure geesinimo leh, Ravel waxa uu saamayn weyn ku yeeshay halabuurayaal badan oo jiilkii xigay.

Waxa uu ku dhashay qoyska Injineer Swiss Joseph Ravel. Aabbahay waxa uu ahaa hibo muusiga, waxa uu si fiican u garaacay buunka iyo biibiile. Waxa uu da'da yar Maurice ku soo bandhigay farsamada. Xiisaha farsamooyinka, alaabta lagu ciyaaro, saacadaha ayaa la hadhay halabuuraha noloshiisa oo dhan, xitaa waxay ka muuqatay tiro ka mid ah shaqooyinkiisa ( aynu dib u xasuusanno, tusaale ahaan, horudhaca opera Saacadda Isbaanishka oo leh sawirka dukaanka saacadaha). Hooyada laxamiistaha ayaa ka soo jeedday qoys Basque ah, taas oo uu abwaanku ku faani jiray. Ravel wuxuu si isdaba joog ah u adeegsaday fannaanka muusiga ee jinsiyaddan naadir ah oo leh qaddar aan caadi ahayn shaqadiisa (piano Trio) oo xitaa wuxuu uuraystay Piano Concerto mawduucyada Basque. Hooyadu waxa ay ku guulaysatay in ay qoyska dhexdiisa ka abuurto jawi is-waafajin iyo is-faham, kaas oo ku habboon horumarka dabiiciga ah ee hibooyinka dabiiciga ah ee carruurta. Horeba bishii Juun 1875 qoysku waxay u guureen Paris, taas oo nolosha oo dhan ee laxanka ay ku xiran tahay.

Ravel wuxuu bilaabay inuu barto muusikada da'da 7. 1889, wuxuu galay Paris Conservatoire, halkaas oo uu ka qalin jabiyay fasalka piano ee C. Berio (wiilka violinist caanka ah) oo leh abaalmarin koowaad ee tartanka 1891 (kii labaad) Abaalmarinta waxaa ku guuleystay sanadkaas piano-gii ugu weynaa Faransiiska A. Cortot). Ka qalin jebinta konservatory ee fasalka halabuurka aad uguma faraxsanayn Ravel. Isagoo bilaabay inuu wax ka barto fasalka is-waafajinta ee E. Pressar, oo uu ka niyad-jabay ardaygiisa xad-dhaafka ah ee xad-dhaafka ah, wuxuu sii waday waxbarashadiisa fasalka counterpoint iyo fugue ee A. Gedalzh, iyo tan iyo 1896-kii wuxuu bartay halabuurka G. Fauré, inkastoo, inkastoo kama uu mid ahayn u doodayaasha cusub ee xad-dhaafka ah, wuu qadariyay kartida Ravel, dhadhankiisa iyo dareenkiisa qaabka, wuxuuna u hayay dabeecad diiran oo ku wajahan ardaygiisa ilaa dhammaadka maalmihiisa. Si uu uga qalin jabiyo konserfatifka ee abaalmarinta iyo helitaanka deeq waxbarasho afar sano oo uu joogay Talyaaniga, Ravel wuxuu ka qayb qaatay tartamo 5 jeer (1900-05), laakiin waligiis lama siinin abaalmarinta ugu horreysa, iyo 1905, ka dib dhageysiga hordhaca ah, xitaa looma ogola inuu ka qeyb galo tartanka ugu weyn. Haddii aan dib u xusuusanno in waqtigan Ravel uu horey u soo saaray qaybo piano ah sida caanka ah "Pavane ee dhimashada Infanta", "Play of Water", iyo sidoo kale Quartet String - shaqooyin dhalaalaya oo xiiso leh oo isla markiiba ku guuleystay jacaylka. dadweynaha oo ilaa maantadan ku hadhay mid ka mid ah riwaayadihii ugu badnaa ee shaqadiisa, go'aanka xeerbeegtida wuxuu u ekaan doonaa mid la yaab leh. Tani kama aysan tagin bulshada muusikada ee Paris. Dood ayaa ka dhex qaraxday boggaga saxaafadda, kaas oo Fauré iyo R. Rolland ay qaateen dhinaca Ravel. Natiijada "Kiiska Ravel", T. Dubois waxaa lagu qasbay inuu ka tago jagada agaasimaha konserfatifka, Fauré wuxuu noqday bedelkiisa. Ravel laftiisu ma xasuusan dhacdadan aan fiicneyn, xitaa saaxiibo dhow.

Nacaybka dareenka xad-dhaafka ah ee dadweynaha iyo xafladaha rasmiga ah waxay ku jireen isaga intii uu noolaa oo dhan. Sidaa darteed, 1920-kii, wuxuu diiday inuu helo Amarka Legion of Honor, inkastoo magaciisa lagu daabacay liiska kuwa la siiyay. "Kiiskan Ravel" ee cusub ayaa mar kale dhaliyay dhawaaq ballaaran oo saxafada ah. Ma jeclayn inuu ka hadlo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, diidmada amarka iyo nacaybka maamuuska gabi ahaanba ma muujinayaan in halabuuruhu aanu dan ka lahayn nolosha bulshada. Haddaba, intii lagu jiray dagaalkii koowaad ee adduunka, ayaa lagu dhawaaqay in aanu u qalmin shaqada ciidanka, waxa uu damcay in loo diro safka hore, isaga oo marka hore habaysan, ka dibna darawal baabuur ah. Keliya isku daygiisii ​​ahaa inuu duulista ku tago ayaa ku guul daraystay (wadnaha bukay). Waxa kale oo uu ahaa mid aan dan ka lahayn ururka 1914 ee "Ururka Qaranka ee Difaaca Muusiga Faransiiska" iyo codsigeeda in aan la qaban shaqooyinka ay sameeyeen halabuurayaasha Jarmalka ee Faransiiska. Waxa uu u qoray “League” warqad uu kaga soo horjeedo maskax-dhisidda qarankan oo kale.

Dhacdooyinka nolosha Ravel kala duwan ku daray waxay ahaayeen safarro. Waxa uu aad u jeclaa in uu wadamo shisheeye la barto, dhalinyarnimadiisii ​​xitaa waxa uu aadi jiray si uu uga adeego bariga. Riyada ah in la booqdo bariga ayaa la rabay inay rumowdo dhamaadka nolosha. 1935-kii waxa uu booqday Marooko, waxa uu arkay dunida xiisaha badan ee Afrika. Waddada Faransiiska, wuxuu soo maray dhowr magaalo oo Spain ah, oo ay ku jiraan Seville oo leh beero, dad aad u firfircoon, dibi-dagaal. Dhawr jeer oo uu abwaanku booqday dalkiisa, waxa uu ka qayb-galay dabaal-degga lagu maamuusayay dhejinta tabeelka xusuusta ee gurigii uu ku dhashay. Isagoo kaftan leh, Ravel wuxuu ku sifeeyay xaflada sharafta leh ee quduuskadhigidda magaca dhakhtarka jaamacadda Oxford. Safarrada riwaayadaha, kuwa ugu xiisaha badan, kala duwanaanshiyaha iyo guushaba waxay ahaayeen socdaalkii afarta bilood ee Ameerika iyo Kanada. Hal-abuurku waxa uu dalka uga tallaabay bari ilaa galbeed iyo waqooyi ilaa koonfur, riwaayado meel walba lagu qabtay ayaa lagu qabtay si guul ah, Ravel waxa uu ahaa mid ku guulaystey curis, pianist, kirishbooy iyo xitaa macalin. Isagoo ka hadlaya muusigga casriga ah, wuxuu, gaar ahaan, ku boorriyay halabuurayaasha Mareykanka inay si firfircoon u horumariyaan walxaha jazz, si ay u muujiyaan feejignaan dheeraad ah blues. Xitaa ka hor inta uusan booqan Ameerika, Ravel wuxuu shaqadiisa ku ogaaday dhacdadan cusub ee midabka leh ee qarnigii XNUMX-aad.

Cunsurka qoob ka ciyaarka ayaa had iyo jeer soo jiitay Ravel. Sharaxa taariikhiga ah ee taariikhiga ah ee soo jiidashada iyo naxdinta leh "Waltz", jilicsan oo la safeeyey "Noble iyo Sentimental Waltzes", laxanka cad ee caanka ah "Bolero", Malagueña iyo Habaner oo ka socda "Spanish Rhapsody", Pavane, Minuet, Forlan iyo Rigaudon oo ka yimid "Tomb of Couperin" - qoob-ka-cayaaraha casriga ah iyo kuwa qadiimiga ah ee quruumo kala duwan ayaa ka soo horjeeda miyir-qabka muusigga ee curiyaha oo ah muuqaal yar oo qurux badan.

Laxamiistaha dhagool ma aha ee fanka wadamo kale ("Shanta laxan ee Giriiga", "Laba Heesood oo Yuhuudi ah", "Four Folk Songs" ee codka iyo biyaano). Jacaylka dhaqanka Ruushku waa mid aan dhimanayn ee qalabaynta quruxda badan ee "Sawirada Bandhiga" ee M. Mussorgsky. Laakiin fanka Spain iyo France ayaa had iyo jeer ku hadhay meesha ugu horeysa isaga.

Lahaanshaha Ravel ee dhaqanka Faransiiska waxay ka muuqataa booskiisa bilicsanaanta, doorashada maaddooyinka shaqadiisa, iyo dhadhanka dabeecadda. Dabacsanaanta iyo saxnaanta qoraalka oo leh hufnaan iswaafajin iyo fiiqan ayaa ka dhigaya inuu la xiriiro JF Rameau iyo F. Couperin. Asalka habdhaqanka saxda ah ee Ravel ee qaabka odhaahda ayaa sidoo kale xidid ku leh fanka Faransiiska. Markii uu u dooranayay qoraallada cod-bixintiisa, waxa uu tilmaamay abwaannada gaar ahaan isaga ugu dhow. Kuwani waa calaamadeeyayaasha S. Mallarme iyo P. Verlaine, oo u dhow farshaxanka Parnassians C. Baudelaire, E. Guys oo leh qummanaan cad oo aayadkiisa ah, wakiilada Faransiiska Renaissance C. Maro iyo P. Ronsard. Ravel wuxuu u soo baxay inuu shisheeye u noqdo gabayada jacaylka ah, kuwaas oo jebiya qaababka fanka oo leh qulqulka qulqulka dareenka.

Qaabka Ravel, astaamaha dhabta ah ee Faransiiska shakhsi ahaaneed ayaa si buuxda loo muujiyay, shaqadiisa si dabiici ah iyo si dabiici ah ayaa u gasha muuqaalka guud ee farshaxanka Faransiiska. Waxaan jeclaan lahaa inaan ku dhejiyo A. Watteau isaga oo leh soo jiidashada jilicsan ee kooxihiisa ee beerta iyo murugada Pierrot ee ka qarsoon adduunka, N. Poussin oo leh soo jiidashada sharafta leh ee "Adhijirrada Arcadian", dhaqdhaqaaqa firfircoon ee Sawirrada saxda ah ee jilicsan ee O. Renoir.

In kasta oo Ravel si sax ah loogu yeero laxamiistaha impressionist, sifooyinka dabeecadda ee impressionism ayaa isu muujiyey oo keliya qaar ka mid ah shuqulladiisa, halka inta kale, caddaynta qadiimiga ah iyo saamiga qaab-dhismeedka, nadiifnimada qaabka, caddaynta khadadka iyo dahabka ee qurxinta faahfaahinta .

Sida nin qarnigii XNUMX-aad Ravel wuxuu abaal-marin u siiyay rabitaankiisa tignoolajiyada. Noocyo badan oo dhir ah ayaa farxad dhab ah ku keenay isaga markii uu saaxiibbadii kula safrayay doon-yar: “Dhir qurux badan, oo aan caadi ahayn. Gaar ahaan mid ka mid ah - waxay u egtahay cathedral Romanesque oo ka samaysan birta birta ah ... Sida lagugu soo gudbiyo aragtida boqortooyadan birta ah, kaniisadahaan oo dab ka buuxaan, fannaanka cajiibka ah ee foorida, sanqadha suumanka darawalnimada, qaylada dubbaha in ku dhaca. Korkooda waxaa ku yaal cir cas, mugdi ah oo ololaya… Sidee muusiko u yahay. Hubaal waan isticmaali doonaa.” Birta casriga ah ee birta lagu tunto iyo sida loo dhaqdhaqaajiyo ayaa laga maqlayaa mid ka mid ah halabuuradii ugu yaabka badnaa ee laxanka, Concerto for the Left Hand, oo uu u qoray pianist Austrian P. Wittgenstein, kaas oo gacantiisa midig ku waayay dagaalka.

Dhaxalka hal-abuurka ah ee laxamiistaha maaha mid soo jiidasho leh tirada shaqooyinka, muggahoodu inta badan waa yar yahay. Miniaturism-ka noocan oo kale ah wuxuu la xiriiraa hagaajinta hadalka, maqnaanshaha "ereyo dheeraad ah". Si ka duwan Balzac, Ravel waxa uu haystay wakhti uu ku qoro sheekooyin gaagaaban. Waxaan qiyaasi karnaa wax kasta oo la xiriira habka hal-abuurka, sababtoo ah curiyaha waxaa lagu kala soocay sirta labadaba arrimaha hal-abuurka iyo goobta khibradaha shakhsi ahaaneed, nolosha ruuxiga ah. Qofna ma arkin sida uu wax u curiyey, lama helin sawir-gacmeedyo ama sawir-gacmeedyo, shuqulladiisuna ma keenin raad isbeddello ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saxnaanta cajiibka ah, saxnaanta dhammaan faahfaahinta iyo hooska, nadiifinta ugu sarreeya iyo dabiiciga ah ee xariiqyada - wax walba waxay ka hadlaan dareenka "wax yar", oo ah shaqo muddo dheer ah.

Ravel ma aha mid ka mid ah hal-abuurayaasha dib-u-habaynta kuwaas oo si miyir leh u beddelay hababka muujinta oo casriyeeyay mawduucyada farshaxanka. Rabitaanka in dadka loo gudbiyo si qoto dheer shakhsi ahaan, qarsoodi ah, oo uusan jeclayn in uu erayada ku muujiyo, wuxuu ku qasbay inuu ku hadlo luqad caalami ah, dabiici ah oo la sameeyay oo la fahmi karo. Mawduucyada kala duwan ee hal-abuurka Ravel waa mid aad u ballaaran. Badanaa halabuurku waxa uu u rogmadaa dareen qoto dheer, fayow oo muuqda. Muusigiisu had iyo jeer waa la yaab bini'aadantinimo, soo jiidashada iyo dariiqooyinka ayaa u dhow dadka. Ravel ma raadiyo inuu xalliyo su'aalaha falsafada iyo dhibaatooyinka caalamka, si uu u daboolo mawduucyo badan oo kala duwan hal shaqo iyo in la helo isku xirka dhammaan ifafaalaha. Mararka qaarkood waxa uu diiradda saarayaa dareenkiisa oo kaliya maaha - dareen muhiim ah, qoto dheer oo dhinacyo badan leh, xaaladaha kale, oo leh calaamad muujinaysa murugo qarsoon oo daloosha, wuxuu ka hadlayaa quruxda adduunka. Had iyo jeer waxaan rabaa inaan fannaankan ula hadlo si dareen iyo taxadar leh, kaasoo fankiisa dhow iyo midka jilicsan uu helay dariiqa dadka oo uu ku guuleysto jacaylkooda dhabta ah.

V. Bazarnova

• Astaamaha muuqaalka hal-abuurka ee Ravel →
• Piano waxa u shaqeeya Ravel →
• Muusigga Faransiiska →

Halabuurka:

riwaayado – Saacadda Isbaanishka (L'heure espagnole, opera majaajillo ah, libre uu qoray M. Frank-Noen, 1907, post. 1911, Opera Comic, Paris), Child and Magic (L'enfant et les sortilèges, fantasy lyric, opera-ballet). , libre GS Colet, 1920-25, dhigay 1925, Monte Carlo); balastarro - Daphnis iyo Chloe (Daphnis et Chloé, heeso heeso ah oo 3 qaybood ah, lib. MM Fokina, 1907-12, dhigay 1912, Chatelet shopping mall, Paris), Florine's Dream, ama Hooyada Goose (Ma mere l'oye, oo ku salaysan qaybaha piano ee isla magaca, libre R., tafatiray 1912 "Tr of Arts", Paris), Adelaide, ama Luqadda ubaxa (Adelaide ou Le langage des fleurs, oo ku salaysan wareegga piano Noble iyo Waltzes dareenka, libre R., 1911, tafatiray 1912, dukaanka Châtelet, Paris); cantas – Mirra (1901, lama daabicin), Alsion (1902, lama daabicin), Alice (1903, lama daabicin); Orchestra - Scheherazade Overture (1898), Isbaanish Rhapsody (Rapsodie espagnole: Prelude of the Night - Prélude à la nuit, Malagenya, Habanera, Feeria; 1907), Waltz (gabayada choreographic, 1920), Jeanne's Fan (L eventail de Jeanne, geli. fanfare, 1927), Bolero (1928); riwaayado leh orkester - 2 ee pianoforte (D-dur, ee gacanta bidix, 1931; G-dur, 1931); qalabaynta qolka - 2 sonatas ee violin iyo biyaano (1897, 1923-27), Lullaby magaca Faure (Berceuse sur le nom de Faure, violin iyo biyaano, 1922), sonata for violin iyo cello (1920-22), piano trio (a-moll, 1914), xadhig afargees ah (F-dur, 1902-03), Horudhac iyo Allegro ee kataarad, xadhig afargeesood, flute iyo clarinet (1905-06); loogu talagalay biyaano 2 gacmood - Grotesque Serenade (Sérénade grotesque, 1893), Antique Minuet (Menuet antique, 1895, sidoo kale orc. version), Pavane ee dhallaanka dhintay (Pavane shub une baby défunte, 1899, sidoo kale orc. version), Biyaha ciyaarta (Jeux d' eau. - Alborada del gracioso (sidoo kale Orc. version), Valley of Ringings - La vallée des cloches; 1901), Gaspard of the Night (Saddex gabay ka dib Aloysius Bertrand, Gaspard de la nuit, trois poémes d aprés Aloysius Bertrand, wareeggu waa sidoo kale loo yaqaan Ruuxa Habeenka: Ondine, Gallows - Le gibet, Scarbo; 1905), Minuet magaca Haydn (Menuet sur le nom d Haydn, 1905), Waltzes Noble iyo dareenka (Valses nobles et sentimentales, 1908), Horudhac (1909), Qaabka … Borodin, Chabrier (A la maniére de … Borodine, Chabrier, 1911), Suite Couperin's Qabri (Le tombeau de Couperin, horudhac, fugue (sidoo kale e orchestral version), forlana, rigaudon, minuet (sidoo kale nooca orchestra), toccata, 1913); loogu talagalay biyaano 4 gacmood Hooyaday goose (Ma mere l'oye: Pavane to the Beauty hurda kaynta - Pavane de la belle au bois dormant, Suulka wiilka - Petit poucet, Ugly, boqoradda Pagodas - Laideronnette, impératrice des pagodes, Quruxda iyo Beast – Les entretiens de la belle et de la bête, Beerta Fairy – Le jardin féerique; 1908), Frontispiece (1919); 2 biyaano - Muuqaallada maqalka (Les sites auriculaires: Habanera, Ka mid ah gambaleelka - Entre cloches; 1895-1896); violin iyo biyaano - riwaayad faneedka Gypsy (Tzigane, 1924; sidoo kale la orkestra); kuraasta - Saddex heesood (Trois chansons, oo loogu talagalay hobolada isku dhafan ee cappella, ereyada Ravel: Nicoleta, Saddex shimbirood oo janno ah oo qurux badan, Ha aadin kaynta Ormonda; 1916); codka leh orkester ama koox qalabeed - Scheherazade (oo leh orchestra, ereyada T. Klingsor, 1903), Saddex gabay oo uu tiriyey Stefan Mallarmé (oo leh biyaano, xargo afargeesood ah, 2 biibiile iyo 2 clarinets: Taah - Soupir, qirasho aan waxtar lahayn - Meel aan waxba tarayn, Dusha croup ee faras lumaya. - Surgi de la croupe et du bond; 1913), heesaha Madagascar (Chansons madécasses, oo leh flute, cello iyo piano, lyrics by ED Guys: Beauty Naandova, Ha aaminin caddaanka, Si fiican u jiifso kulaylka; 1926); cod iyo biyaano - Ballad of boqorad u dhimatay jacayl (Ballade de la reine morte d aimer, lyrics by Mare, 1894), Dream Dream (Un grand sommeil noir, erayada P. Verlaine, 1895), Holy (Sainte, lyrics by Mallarme, 1896), Laba epigram (lyrics by Marot, 1898), Song of the wheel spining (Chanson du ronet, lyrics by L. de Lisle, 1898), Gloominess (Si morne, lyrics by E. Verharn, 1899), Xidhmada ubaxa (Manteau de fleurs, lyrics by Gravolle, 1903, sidoo kale leh orc.), Christmas of toys (Noël des jouets, lyrics by R., 1905, sidoo kale leh orchestra.), Dabaylo weyn oo dibadda ah (Les grands vents venus d'outre- mer, ereyada AFJ de Regnier, 1906), Taariikhda Dabiiciga ah (Histoires naturelles, erayadii J. Renard, 1906, sidoo kale la orkester), On the Grass (Sur l'herbe, erayada Verlaine, 1907), Vocalise ee qaabka ee Habanera (1907), 5 heeso Giriig ah (waxaa tarjumay M. Calvocoressi, 1906), Nar. heeso (Isbaanish, Faransiis, Talyaani, Yuhuudi, Iskotish, Flemish, Ruush; 1910), Laba heesood oo Yuhuudi ah (1914), Ronsard - naftiisa (Ronsard à son âme, ereyada P. de Ronsard, 1924), Riyooyin , Erayadii LP Farga, 1927), Saddexda Heesood ee Don Quixote ilaa Dulciné (Don Quichotte a Dulciné, ereyada P. Moran, 1932, oo sidoo kale leh orchestra); orchestration - Antar, qaybo ka mid ah heesaha. Suites "Antar" iyo opera-ballet "Mlada" by Rimsky-Korsakov (1910, aan la daabicin), Horudhac "Wiilka Xiddigaha" ee Sati (1913, aan la daabicin), Chopin's Nocturne, Etude iyo Waltz (aan la daabicin) , "Carnival" by Schumann (1914), "Pompous Minuet" by Chabrier (1918), "Sarabande" iyo "Dance" by Debussy (1922), "Sawiro at Bandhig" by Mussorgsky (1922); diyaarinta (loogu talagalay 2 biyaano) - "Nocturns" iyo "Ka Hordhac Galabnimada Faun" ee Debussy (1909, 1910).