Chromatism |

Giriigga xromatismos - midabaynta, laga bilaabo xroma - midabka maqaarka, midabka, rinjiga; xromatikon - chromatic, macnaha genos - genus

Nidaamka Halftone (sida uu qabo A. Webern, chromatism waa "dhaqdhaqaaqa badhanka"). Chromatism-ku waxa uu ka kooban yahay laba nooc oo hab-dhismeedyo dhex-dhexaad ah - Giriiggii hore "chroma" iyo chromatism Yurub.

1) "Chrome" - mid ka mid ah saddexda ugu muhiimsan. "noocyo" tetrachord (ama "noocyada laxanka") oo ay weheliyaan "diatone" iyo "enarmony" (eeg muusigga Giriigga). Marka la isku daro is-waafajinta (oo ka soo horjeeda diatone) ee chromium, waxaa lagu gartaa xaqiiqda ah in wadarta laba dhexdood oo yaryar ay ka yar tahay qiimaha saddexaad. "Kutlada" noocan oo kale ah ee dhexda cidhiidhiga ah ayaa loo yaqaan. pykn (Pyknon Giriig ah, xarfo - dad badan, marar badan). Si ka duwan enharmonics, dhexda chroma ugu yar waa semitones, tusaale ahaan: e1 - des1 - c1 - h. Laga soo bilaabo dhinaca aragtida muusiga casriga ah aragtiyaha Giriigga. chroma asal ahaan waxay u dhigantaa miisaanka leh SW. labaad (in octave frets - oo leh laba ilbiriqsi oo kordhay, sida aria of Queen of Shemakhan laga bilaabo falkii labaad ee opera The Cockerel Dahab ah by Rimsky-Korsakov) oo waxay u dhowdahay diatonic marka loo eego chromatic. Aragtiyahannada Giriigga waxay sidoo kale ku kala sooceen "dhalasho" "midab" (xroai), kala duwanaanshiyaha tetrachords ee hiddaha la bixiyay. Sida laga soo xigtay Aristoxenus, chrome wuxuu leeyahay saddex "midab" (noocyo): cod ( senti: 300 + 100 + 100), hal iyo badh (350 + 75 + 75) iyo jilicsan (366 + 67 + 67).

Melodica chromatic. genus waxa loo arkay mid midab leh (sida muuqata, markaa magaca). Isla mar ahaantaana, waxay lagu sifeeyay mid la safeeyey, "coddled". Bilowgii waagii Kiristaanka, chromatic. laxanka ayaa lagu dhaleeceeyay in aan lagu qancin anshaxa. shuruudaha (Clement of Alexandria). In Nar. Muusigga bariga oo la socda uv. ilbidhiqsiyo (hemiolic) waxay sii haysteen qiimahooda qarnigii 20aad. (Said Mohammed Awad Khawas, 1970). Laxanka cusub ee Yurub X. wuxuu leeyahay asal ka duwan, sidaas awgeed, dabeecad kale.

2) Fikradda cusub ee X. waxay soo jeedinaysaa joogitaanka diatonicism oo saldhig u ah, kaas oo X. "midab" ( fikradaha chroma, midabka Marchetto ee Padua; eeg Gerbert M., t. 3, 1963, p. 74B) . X. waxaa loo tarjumay sida lakabka qaab-dhismeedka sare, oo ka soo baxa xididka diatonic (mabda'a isbeddelka; barbardhig fikradda heerarka qaabdhismeedka G. Schenker). Si ka duwan Giriigga, fikradda cusub ee X. waxay la xiriirtaa fikradda 6 dhawaaqa (tallaabooyinka laxanka) ee tetrachord (Giriigtu had iyo jeer waxay lahaayeen afar iyaga ka mid ah; Fikradda Aristoxenus ee tetrachord si siman u jilicsan ee semitone. qaabdhismeedku waxa uu ahaa mid aan la taaban karin) iyo 12 dhawaaq gudahood octave kasta. Muusigga diatonicism "Nordic" wuxuu ka muuqdaa tarjumaadda X. sida "cadaadis" diatonic. curiyayaasha, "ku-xidhka" xididka diatonic. safka labaad (diatonic gudaha laftiisa) lakabka sida X. Sidaa darteed mabda'a nidaamka chromatic. ifafaale, oo loo habeeyey siday u kala horreeyaan cufnaanta sii kordhaysa, laga bilaabo chromaticity-ka naadirka ah ilaa kuwa aad u cufan (A. Webern's hemitonics). X. waxa loo qaybiyaa laxan. iyo chord (tusaale, chords waxa ay noqon karaan diatonic kali ah, laxankuna waxa uu noqon karaa chromatic, sida ku jirta Chopin's etude a-moll op. 10 No 2), sentripetal (oo ku jihaysan sanqadhaha tonic. ., bilowga kala duwanaanshaha 1aad ee qaybta 2aad ee sonata 32aad ee uu qoray L. Beethoven ee biyaano.). Nidaamyada dhacdooyinka ugu waaweyn ee X.:

Modulation X. waxaa la sameeyay iyadoo ay sabab u tahay soo koobida laba diatonic, kala go'ay iyaga oo ku meeleeya qaybo kala duwan oo ka mid ah halabuurka (L. Beethoven, finale ee sonata 9-aad ee piano, mawduuca ugu muhiimsan iyo kala-guurka; N. Ya. Myaskovsky, "Yellowed" Bogagga" biyaano, No 7, sidoo kale lagu daray noocyada kale ee X.); chromatic dhawaaqyadu waxay ku jiraan habab kala duwan waxayna noqon karaan kuwo aad u fog. Nidaam hoosaadka X. (oo ku jira weecsanaan; eeg nidaamka-hoosaadka) wuxuu u taagan yahay dhawaaqyada chromatic. Xidhiidhada isla nidaam isku mid ah (JS Bach, dulucda h-moll fugue ee mugga 1aad ee Clavier si fiican u xanaaqsan), kaas oo dhumuc weyn u leh X.

Dareemka-lead X. wuxuu ka yimaadaa hordhaca dhawaaqyada furitaanka ee dhawaaq kasta ama xargaha, iyada oo aan la helin xilliga beddelka u dhaqaaqid uv. Waxaan aqbali doonaa (yaro harmonic ah; Chopin, mazurka C-dur 67, No 3, PI Tchaikovsky, qaybta 1aad ee riwaayadda 6aad, bilawga mawduuc labaad; waxa loogu yeero "Prokofiev's dominant"). Beddelka X. wuxuu la xidhiidhaa sifada. Waqtigu waa wax ka beddelka diatonic. curiye (cod, chord) iyadoo la adeegsanayo tallaabo chromatic ah. semitone - uv. Waxaan aqbali doonaa, si cad loo soo bandhigay (L. Beethoven, 5th symphony, dhaqdhaqaaqa 4th, baararka 56-57) ama maldahan (AN Scriabin, Gabay for piano op. 32 No 2, baararka 1-2).

Isku-dhafka X. wuxuu ka kooban yahay isku-dhafka ama isku-dhafka isku-dhafka ah ee walxaha modal, mid kasta oo ka mid ah waxay ka tirsan yihiin jilayaasha diatonic ee kala duwan (AP Borodin, 2nd symphony, dhaqdhaqaaqa 1st, bar 2; F. Liszt, symphony "Faust", dhaqdhaqaaqa 1-th, baararka 1). -2; SS Prokofiev, sonata No 6 ee pianoforte, dhaqdhaqaaqa 1aad, bar 1; DD Shostakovich, 7th symphony, dhaqdhaqaaqa 1st, lambarada 35-36; NA Rimsky-Korsakov, "The Golden Cockerel", Hordhac orchestral ee Act II; symmetrical frets waxay ku soo dhowaan karaan dabiiciga X.). Dabiiciga X. ("chromaticity organic" sida uu qabo A. Pusseru) ma laha diatonic. aasaaska hoose (O. Messiaen, "20 views..." ee biyaano, No 3; EV Denisov, piano trio, dhaqdhaqaaqa 1aad; A. Webern, Bagatelli ee biyaano, op. 9).

Aragtida X. ee Giriigga. mufakiriinta waxay ahayd sharraxaad dhexda chromatic. ku kala sooc xisaab xisaabeed. xiriirka ka dhexeeya dhawaaqyada tetrachord (Aristoxenus, Ptolemy). Express Dabeecadda ("ethos") ee chroma sida nooc dabacsan, la safeeyey, ayaa lagu tilmaamay Aristoxen, Ptolemy, Philodem, Pachymer. Guud ahaan qadiimiga. Aragtida X. iyo barta laga bilaabay qarniyadii dhexe. Aragtiyahanadu waxay ahaayeen soo bandhigid macluumaad ku saabsan X., oo ka tirsan Boethius (bilowgii qarnigii 6aad ee AD). Ifafaalaha cusub (hordhac lahjad, beddelaad) X., oo kacay qiyaastii. Qarnigii 13aad, markii hore waxay u muuqdeen kuwo aan caadi ahayn oo loo qoondeeyay inay yihiin muusig "qaldan" (musica ficta), "khayaali", muusig "been ah" (musica falsa). Marka la soo koobo dhawaaqyada cusub ee chromatic (laga bilaabo dhinacyada fidsan iyo kuwa fiiqan), Prosdocimus de Beldemandis wuxuu la yimid fikradda cabirka codka ee 17-tallaabo:

Semitone-ka hordhaca ah ee "macmal" ee miisaanka yar ayaa weli ah dhaxal xasiloon oo ah "muusiga ficta".

Sida loo kala saaro anharmonic. qiimaha codka ee con. Qarnigii 16aad laga soo bilaabo aragtida X. microchromatics laanteeda. Laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 17-aad aragtida X. waxay u kobcaysaa si waafaqsan waxbarista wada noolaanshaha (sidoo kale bass guud). Habaynta iyo hab-hoosaadka X. ayaa lagu daweeyaa ugu horreyn. sida Transpositional Transpositional of Relations Center. unugyada ladotonality galay hoosaad iyo durugsan.

Tixraacyo: 1) Anonymous, Hordhac Harmonics, Falanqaynta Filoloji, 1894, vol. 7, buug. 1-2; Petr VI, Halabuurrada, qaab-dhismeedka iyo qaababka muusigii Giriiggii hore, Kyiv, 1901; El Saciid Maxamed Cawad Khawas, Heesta Casriga ah ee Carabiga, M., 1970; Paul O., Boetius und die griechische Harmonik, Lpz., 1872; Westphal R., Aristoxenus von Tarent. Melik und Rhythmik des classischen Hellenenthums, Lpz., 1883; Jan K. von (comp.), Musici scriptores graeci, Lpz., 1895; D'ring I. (ed.), Die Harmonielehre des Klaudios Ptolemaios, Göteborg, 1930.

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Yu. H. Kholopov