Kordhinta |

Daboolista Faransiiska, laga bilaabo lat. apertura - furitaanka, bilawga

Hordhac qalab ah oo ku saabsan bandhig faneedka muusiga (opera, ballet, operetta, riwaayad), shaqo qalab cod ah sida cantata iyo oratorio, ama qaybo qalab ah oo taxane ah sida suite, qarnigii 20aad. Sidoo kale filimada. Nooc gaar ah oo U. - conc. ciyaar leh astaamo masraxeed. prototype. Laba nooc oo aasaasi ah U. - riwaayad leh hordhac. shaqayn, oo madax bannaan. prod. oo leh qeexitaan tusaale iyo halabuur leh. guryaha - waxay la falgalaan habka horumarinta nooca (laga bilaabo qarnigii 19aad). Muuqaal caadi ah ayaa ah masraxa in badan ama ka yar lagu dhawaaqo. dabeecadda U., "isku darka sifooyinka ugu caansan ee qorshaha qaabkooda ugu xiisaha badan" (BV Asafiev, Shaqooyinka la doortay, vol. 1, p. 352).

Taariikhda U. waxay dib ugu noqotaa marxaladaha hore ee horumarinta opera (Talyaaniga, wareeggii qarniyadii 16-17aad), inkastoo ereyga laftiisa la aasaasay qeybtii 2aad. Qarnigii 17aad ee Faransiiska ka dibna wuxuu noqday mid baahsan. Toccata ee opera Orfeo ee Monteverdi (1607) ayaa loo arkaa inuu yahay kii ugu horreeyay. Muusigga fanfare-ka ayaa ka tarjumay dhaqankii hore ee bandhigyada lagu furto fanfasyada. Ka dib Talyaani. opera hordhaca ah, kuwaas oo taxane ah oo ka kooban 3 qaybood - degdeg ah, gaabis ah oo degdeg ah, hoostiisa magaca. "Symphonies" (sinfonia) ayaa lagu dhejiyay operas-ka opera-ka Neapolitan school (A. Stradella, A. Scarlatti). Qaybaha aadka u daran waxay inta badan ka mid yihiin dhismayaasha fugue, laakiin tan saddexaad waxay inta badan leedahay qoob-ka-cayaar-guud. dabeecad, halka midda dhexe lagu kala garto laxan, gabay. Waa caado in loo yeedho symphonies operatic sida Italian U. Marka la barbar dhigo, nooc ka duwan 3-qayb U. horumariyo France, classic. muunado gooyay waxaa sameeyay JB Lully. Faransiiska U. waxaa sida caadiga ah u raaca tartiib tartiib ah, horudhac heersare ah, qayb fugue ah oo degdeg ah, iyo dhisme gaabis ah oo u dambeeya, si kooban ugu celcelinaya shayga hordhaca ama u eg dabeecaddiisa guud ahaan. Muunadaha dambe qaarkood, qaybta ugu dambeysa waa laga saaray, waxaana lagu beddelay dhisme cadenza ah oo si tartiib tartiib ah u socda. Marka lagu daro curiyeyaasha Faransiiska, nooc ka mid ah Faransiiska. W. wuu isticmaalay. halabuurayaasha dabaqa 1aad. Qarnigii 18-aad (JS Bach, GF Handel, GF Telemann iyo kuwa kale), iyadoo la filayo ma aha oo kaliya operas, cantatas iyo oratorios, laakiin sidoo kale instr. suites (xaaladda dambe, magaca U. mararka qaarkood la kordhiyey wareegga suite oo dhan). Doorka hogaaminta waxaa sii xajistay opera U., qeexida shaqooyinka raxan waxay keentay fikrado badan oo iska soo horjeeda. Muusiga qaar tirooyinka (I. Mattheson, IA Shaibe, F. Algarotti) waxay soo bandhigeen baahida loo qabo xidhiidhka fikradeed iyo muusiga ee ka dhexeeya opera iyo opera; Qaybta xaaladaha qaarkood, halabuurayaashu waxay ku sameeyeen xidhiidhka noocan oo kale ah qalabkooda (Handel, gaar ahaan JF Rameau). Meesha ugu muhiimsan ee horumarka U. ayaa timid dabaqa 2-aad. Qarnigii 18aad mahadsanid ansixinta sonata-symphony. mabaadi'da horumarinta, iyo sidoo kale hawlaha dib u habaynta ee KV Gluck, oo U. u fasirtay "geli. dib u eegista waxa ku jira opera. Wareegto nooca waxa uu dariiqa siiyay hal-qayb U. oo ah qaabka sonata (mararka qaarkood leh hordhac gaaban oo gaabis ah), taas oo guud ahaan gudbinaysa codka ugu weyn ee riwaayadda iyo dabeecadda ugu weyn. khilaafka ("Alceste" ee Gluck), kaas oo ka tirsan waaxda. Kiisaska waxaa lagu soo koobay isticmaalka muusiga gudaha U. si u dhigma. operas ("Iphigenia in Aulis" ee Gluck, "Afduubkii Seraglio", "Don Giovanni" ee Mozart). Macnaha Halabuurayaashii xilligii Great French waxay gacan weyn ka geysteen horumarinta opera-ga. kacaanka, ugu horrayn L. Cherubini.

Ka saar Shaqada L. Beethoven waxay door ka ciyaartay horumarinta nooca wu. Xoojinta mawduuca muusiga. isku xirka opera ee 2 ka mid ah noocyada ugu yaabka badan ee W. ilaa "Fidelio", wuxuu ka dhex muuqday muusikadooda. horumarinta daqiiqadaha ugu muhiimsan ee riwaayadaha (si toos ah ee Leonora No. 2, iyada oo la tixgelinayo sifooyinka gaarka ah ee qaabka astaanta - ee Leonora No. 3). Nooc la mid ah riwaayad halyey ah. Beethoven waxay hagaajisay barnaamijka muusiga ee riwaayadaha (Coriolanus, Egmont). Laxamiistaha Romantic ee Jarmal, horumarinta caadooyinka Beethoven, dhergin W. leh mawduucyo operatic. Markaad dooranayso U. muusikyada ugu muhiimsan. sawirada opera (badanaa - leitmotifs) iyo si waafaqsan heesaheeda. Sida koorsada guud ee dhagarta operaticku soo korodho, W. waxa ay noqotaa "riwaayad qalabeed" ilaa xad madax banaan (tusaale, W. to the operas The Free gunner by Weber, The Flying Dutchman, iyo Tannhäuser ee Wagner). Af Talyaani. muusiga, oo ay ku jiraan kan G. Rossini, asal ahaan waxa uu hayaa noocii hore ee U. - iyada oo aan toos ahayn. isku xirka mawduucyada iyo horumarinta sheekada opera; marka laga reebo waa halabuurka opera Rossini ee William Tell (1829), oo leh hal-abuur-hal-guud iyo guud ahaan daqiiqadaha muusiga ee ugu muhiimsan opera-ka.

Guulaha Yurub. Muusigga Symphony guud ahaan iyo, gaar ahaan, kobaca madax-bannaanida iyo dhammaystirka fikradeed ee riwaayadaha hawl-wadeennada ayaa gacan ka geystay soo ifbaxa noocyadeeda kala duwan ee gaarka ah, riwaayadda barnaamijka riwaayadda (door muhiim ah oo geeddi-socodkan ah waxaa ciyaaray shuqullada H. Berlioz iyo F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy). Qaabka sonata ee noocan oo kale ah, waxaa jira dareen la dareemi karo oo ku wajahan heeso heeso dheerad ah. horumarinta (maansooyinkii hore ee faneedka ayaa inta badan lagu qori jiray qaabka sonata iyada oo aan faahfaahin), taas oo markii dambe keentay in ay soo baxdo nooca maansada maansada ee shaqada F. Liszt; ka dib noocaan waxaa laga helaa B. Smetana, R. Strauss, iyo kuwa kale. Qarnigii 19-aad. U. ee dabeecadda la dabaqay ayaa helaya caan – “xun”, “soo dhawayn”, “sanad-guurad” (Mid ka mid ah tusaalayaasha ugu horreeya waa Beethoven's "Maalinta Magaca" dulsaarka, 1815). Genre U. waxa uu ahaa isha ugu muhiimsan ee heesaha af-Ruushka. Muusigga MI Glinka (qarnigii 18-aad, kor u kaca DS Bortnyansky, EI Fomin, VA Pashkevich, horraantii qarnigii 19-aad - waxaa qoray OA Kozlovsky, SI Davydov). Wax ku biirinta qiimaha leh ee horumarinta decomp. noocyada U. waxaa soo bandhigay MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, MA Balakirev, iyo kuwa kale, kuwaas oo abuuray nooc gaar ah oo ka mid ah sifada qaranka U., inta badan isticmaalaya mawduucyada dadweynaha (tusaale, Glinka ee "isbaanishka" overtures, "Overture on themes of saddex heesood oo Ruush ah" by Balakirev iyo kuwa kale). Kala duwanaanshahani wuxuu sii wadaa inuu horumariyo shaqada laxamiistaha Soofiyeedka.

Dabaqa 2aad. Qarnigii 19-aad curiyeyaashu waxay u jeestaan ​​nooca W. si aad u yar. Opera, waxaa si tartiib tartiib ah loogu beddelaa hordhac gaaban oo aan ku salaysnayn mabaadi'da sonata. Caadi ahaan waxay ku sii socotaa hal dabeecad, oo la xidhiidha sawirka mid ka mid ah geesiyaasha opera ("Lohengrin" ee Wagner, "Eugene Onegin" ee Tchaikovsky) ama, qorshe qaas ah, wuxuu soo bandhigayaa dhowr sawir oo hogaaminaya ("Carmen" waxaa qoray Wiese); ifafaale la mid ah ayaa lagu arkay ballet (Coppelia by Delibes, Swan Lake by Tchaikovsky). Geli Dhaqdhaqaaqa opera iyo ballet ee wakhtigan waxaa badanaa loogu yeeraa hordhac, hordhac, horudhac, iwm. Fikradda diyaarinta aragtida opera waxay beddeleysaa fikradda heesaha. Dib uga sheekaynta nuxurkeeda, R. Wagner si isdaba joog ah ayuu wax uga qoray arrintan, isagoo si tartiib tartiib ah shaqadiisa uga tagaya mabda'a barnaamijka la fidiyay ee U. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, oo ay weheliso horudhac gaagaaban oo uu qoray otd. tusaalooyinka dhalaalaya ee sonata U. waxay sii wadaan inay ka muuqdaan muusikyada. tiyaatarka dabaqa 2aad. Qarnigii 19-aad ("Nürnberg Meistersingers" ee Wagner, "Force of Destiny" ee Verdi, "Pskovite" ee Rimsky-Korsakov, "Prince Igor" by Borodin). Iyada oo ku saleysan sharciyada qaabka sonata, W. waxay isu beddeshaa khiyaali bilaash ah ama kayar oo ku saabsan mawduucyada opera, mararka qaarkood sida potpourri (kan dambe waa mid ka mid ah operetta; tusaalaha caadiga ah waa Strauss' Die Fledermaus). Marmar waxaa jira U. madax banaan. maadada mawduuca (ballet "The Nutcracker" ee Tchaikovsky). Marka la joogo conc. Marxaladda U. ayaa si isa soo taraysa u siinaysa hab-sifooni. gabay, sawir muuqaal ah ama khiyaali, laakiin xitaa halkan sifooyinka gaarka ah ee fikradda mararka qaarkood waxay keenaan nolosha masraxa dhow. noocyo ka mid ah nooca W. (Bizet's Motherland, W. fantasies Romeo iyo Juliet iyo Tchaikovsky's Hamlet).

Qarnigii 20aad ee U. qaabka sonata waa naadir (tusaale ahaan, J. Barber's overture's Sheridan's "School of Scandal"). Conc. noocyo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay sii wadaan inay u soo jiidaan sonata. Waxaa ka mid ah, kuwa ugu caansan waa nat.-dabeecad. (mawduucyada dadweynaha) iyo xuska U. (tusaale kan dambe waa Shostakovich's Festive Overture, 1954).

Tixraacyo: Seroff A., Der Thcmatismus der Leonoren-Ouvertère. Eine Beethoven-Studie, “NZfM”, 1861, Bd 54, Maya 10-13 (Turjumaadda Ruushka – Thematism (Thematismus) ee dulucda opera “Leonora” Etude ku saabsan Beethoven, ee buugga: Serov AN, Maqaallo Halis ah Vol. 3, St. Petersburg, 1895, isku mid, ee buugga: Serov AN, Maqaallada la xushay, vol. 1, M.-L., 1950); Igor Glebov (BV Asafiev), Overture "Ruslan iyo Lyudmila" ee Glinka, ee buugga: Chronicle Music, Sat. 2, P., 1923, isla, buuga: Asafiev BV, Izbr. shaqeeyaa, vol. 1, M., 1952; isaga u gaar ah, On overture qadiimiga Faransiis iyo gaar ahaan on overtures Cherubini, ee buugga: Asafiev BV, Glinka, M., 1947, isku mid, ee buugga: Asafiev BV, Izbr. shaqeeyaa, vol. 1, M., 1952; Koenigsberg A., Mendelssohn Overtures, M., 1961; Krauklis GV, Opera overtures ee R. Wagner, M., 1964; Tsendrovsky V., Kordhinta iyo hordhaca riwaayadaha Rimsky-Korsakov, M., 1974; Wagner R., De l'ouverture, Revue et Gazette musicale de Paris, 1841, Janvier, Ks 3-5 isku mid, ee buugga: Richard Wagner, Articles and Materials, Moscow, 1841).

GV Krauklis