Alt |

Alto (Jarmalka Alt, Talyaani alto, ka Latin altus - sare).

1) Codka labaad ee ugu sarreeya muusikada afar-qaybood ah. Dareenkan, ereyga "A." waxaa la isticmaali jiray ilaa qarnigii 15-aad. Markii hore, bandhig saddex-cod ah, codka ka dhawaajiya korka, mararka qaarkoodna ka hooseeya kiraystaha, ayaa loo yaqaan countertenor. Markii loo gudbay 4-cod, waxay bilaabeen inay kala soocaan countertenor alto iyo countertenor bass, oo markii dambe loo yaqaan si fudud alto iyo bass. Horraantii afar qaybood oo ka kooban cappella (dhammaadkii qarnigii 15aad), qaybta viola waxaa sameeyay rag. Kooxda heesta oo saddex qaybood ka kooban. buundooyin iyo waayihii dambe (16-17 qarni), qaybta alto waxa mararka qaarkood lagu aaminay kiraystayaasha.

2) Qayb ka mid ah hobolada ama wok. koox, oo ay sameeyaan codad hoose oo caruur ah ama codad dheddig ah (mezzo-soprano, contralto). Laga soo bilaabo dhamaadkii qarnigii 18aad ee heesaha opera. Dhibcaha Talyaaniga, iyo markii dambe Faransiiska (Grand Opera, Opera Lyric), qaybta xaasaska hoose. codadka waxaa loo yaqaan mezzo-soprano, ama soprano dhexe. Tan iyo wakhtigaas, xafladaha dumarka isku midka ah. Kooxda hobolada ayaa bilaabay in ay magacaan wataan. codadka dumarka: soprano, mezzo-soprano, contralto. In wok.-calaamadaha Halabuurka (marka laga reebo Berlioz's Requiem, Rossini's Stabat mater, iwm.) iyo kooxda cappella, magacii hore, viola, waa la xafiday.

3) Waddamada ay ka tirsan tahay. magaca luqadda contralto.

4) Codka carruurta oo hooseeya. Markii hore, codadka wiilasha ku heesi jiray qeybta A. ee hobolada waxaa loogu yeeri jiray sidaas, ka dib - cod kasta oo heesa carruurtu hooseyso ( wiilal iyo gabdhaba), baaxaddeeda - (g) a - es2 (e2).

5) Qalabka qaansada (Voola Talyaani, Faransiis alto, Jarmal Bratsche) ee qoyska violin, kaas oo ku jira meel dhexdhexaad ah oo u dhexeeya violin iyo cello. Marka la eego cabbirka dhowr ka weyn violin (dhererka jirka ca. 410 mm; Farsamoyaqaannada qadiimiga ah waxay sameeyeen viola ilaa 460-470 mm dheer; 19 B. Violin yar yar ayaa noqday mid baahsan - 380-390 mm dheer; si ka duwan xamaasadda loogu talagalay iyaga by G. Ritter iyo markii dambe L. Tertis soo saaray moodallo ka weyn, oo aan weli la gaadhin cabbirka classic A.). Ka dhis A. shan meelood meel ka hooseeya violin (c, g, d1, a1); Qaybta A. waxa lagu go'doomiyey jeexjeexyada alto iyo saddexleyda. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in violin uu yahay qalabkii ugu horreeyay ee kooxda violin-ka (soo muuqday dabayaaqadii 15-aad iyo horraantii qarniyadii 16-aad). Dhawaaqa A. waxa uu kaga duwan yahay kan violin cufnaanta, tone contralto ee diiwaanka hoose iyo xoogaa sanka "oboe" timbre ee sare. Samee on A. farsamo degdeg ah. marinadu way ka dhib badan yihiin violin-ka. A. waxaa loo isticmaalaa in kam. gudaha. ensembles (si joogto ah qayb ka mid ah rubuc qaansada), heeso. orchestras, in ka yar sida conc keligiis ah. qalab. Conc. u ciyaaro A. bilaabay inuu soo muuqdo horraantii qarnigii 18aad. (conc. Symphony for violin iyo viola with orkestra by WA Mozart, concertos by J. Stamitz ee walaalaha K. iyo A. Stamitz, GF Telemann, JS Bach, JKF Bach, M Haydn, A. Rolls, kala duwanaanshaha violin iyo viola by IE Khandoshkin iyo kuwa kale). Sonata ee A. ayaa qortay MI Glinka. Qarnigii 20aad concertos iyo sonatas ee A. waxaa abuuray B. Bartok, P. Hindemith, W. Walton, S. Forsythe, A. Bax, A. Bliss, D. Milhaud, A. Honegger, BN Kryukov, BI Zeidman , RS Bunin iyo kuwa kale; waxaa jira conc. wuxuu u ciyaaraa A. iyo noocyo kale. violists heer sare ah: K. Uran (France), O. Nedbal (Jamhuuriyadda Czech), P. Hindemith (Jarmalka), L. Tertis (England), W. Primrose (USA), VR Bakaleinikov (Ruushka), VV Borisovsky (USSR) . Qaar ka mid ah violin-yaasha ugu caansan mararka qaarkood waxay u dhaqmeen sidii violists - N. Paganini, oo ka soo jeeda gorayo. violinists - DF Oistrakh.

6) Noocyada Alto ee Orcs qaarkood. Qalabka dabaysha - flugelhorns (A., ama altohorn) iyo saxhorns, clarinet (geeska basset), oboe (alto oboe, ama geeska Ingiriisiga), trombone (alto trombone).

7) Alto kala duwan ee domra.

Tixraacyo: Struve BA, Habka samaynta violins iyo violin, M., 1959; Grinberg MM, Suugaanta viola ee Ruushka, M., 1967; Straeten E. van der, Viola, "The Strad", XXIII, 1912; Clarke R., Taariikhda viola ee qoraalka Quartet, "ML", IV, 1923, No 1; Altmann W., Borislowsky W., Literaturverzeichnis für Bratsche und Viola d'amore, Wolfenbüttel, 1937; Thors B. iyo Shore B., Viola, L., 1946; Zeyringer Fr., Literatur für Viola, Kassel, 1963, Ergänzungsband, 1965, Kassel, 1966.

IG Litsvenko, L. Ya. Raaben