Evgeny Alexandrovich Mravinsky |

Evgeny Mravinsky

Fanaanka dadka ee USSR (1954). Laureate of Lenin Prize (1961). Halyeyga Shaqaalaha Hantiwadaaga (1973).

Nolosha iyo shaqada mid ka mid ah kirishbooyada ugu weyn ee qarnigii 1920 ayaa si aan kala sooc lahayn ugu xiran Leningrad. Waxa uu ku koray qoys muusik ah, laakiin ka dib markii uu ka qalin jabiyay dugsiga shaqada (1921) wuxuu galay kulliyadda dabiiciga ah ee Jaamacadda Leningrad. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wakhtigaas, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ninka dhalinyarada ah ayaa horeyba ula xiriiriyay masraxa muusikada. Baahida loo qabo in la helo lacag ayaa u keentay masraxa tiyaatarka hore ee Mariinsky, halkaas oo uu u shaqeeyay sidii mimi. Shaqadan caajiska badan, dhanka kale, waxay u ogolaatay Mravinsky inuu ballaariyo aragtidiisa faneed, si uu u helo aragtiyo muuqda oo ka yimaada xiriirka tooska ah ee sayidyada sida fannaaniinta F. Chaliapin, I. Ershov, I. Tartakov, kirishbooyada A. Coates, E. Cooper iyo kuwa kale. Dhaqanka hal-abuurka dheeraadka ah, waxa uu si fiican ugu adeegay waayo-aragnimadii uu helay markii uu ka shaqeynayey pianist ee Leningrad Choreographic School, halkaas oo Mravinsky uu galay XNUMX. Waqtigaan, mar hore ayuu ka tagay jaamacadda, isagoo go'aansaday inuu naftiisa u huro dhaqdhaqaaqa muusikada.

Isku daygii ugu horeeyay ee lagu galo konservatory waa lagu guul daraystay. Si aan waqti loo lumin, Mravinsky wuxuu ku biiray fasalada Leningrad Academic Chapel. Sannadaha ardaydu waxay bilaabeen isaga sanadka soo socda, 1924. Wuxuu qaataa koorasyo ​​iswaafaqsan iyo qalabaynta M. Chernov, polyphony la X. Kushnarev, qaabka iyo halabuurka la taaban karo ee V. Shcherbachev. Dhawr shaqo oo uu sameeyay curiyaha bilawga ah ayaa markaa lagu sameeyay Hoolka Yar ee Konserfatifka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, is-naqdiye Mravinsky ayaa mar horeba naftiisa ka raadinaya goob kale - 1927-kii wuxuu bilaabay inuu sameeyo xiisado hoos yimaada N. Malko, laba sano ka dib A. Gauk wuxuu noqday macalinkiisa.

Ku dadaalida horumarinta wax ku oolka ah ee xirfadaha qabashada, Mravinsky waxa uu waqti u huray inuu la shaqeeyo fanaaniinta hiwaayadda ah ee Midowga Shaqaalaha Ganacsiga Soofiyeedka. Bandhigyadii ugu horreeyay ee dadweynaha ee kooxdan waxaa ku jiray shaqooyin ay sameeyeen halabuurayaal Ruush ah waxayna kasbadeen dib u eegis wanaagsan oo saxafada ah. Isla mar ahaantaana, Mravinsky ayaa mas'uul ka ahaa qaybta muusikada ee dugsiga choreographic waxaana lagu qabtay halkan Glazunov ballet Four Seasons. Intaa waxaa dheer, wuxuu lahaa dhaqanka warshadaha ee Opera Studio ee Conservatory ah. Marxaladda xigta ee horumarinta hal-abuurka ee Mravinsky waxay la xiriirtaa shaqadiisa Opera iyo Tiyaatarka Ballet ee loogu magac daray SM Kirov (1931-1938). Markii hore waxa uu ahaa kaaliye kaaliyihii halkan, sanad ka dibna waxa uu saftay kulankiisii ​​ugu horeeyay ee madax banaan. Waxay ahayd Sebtembar 20, 1932. Mravinsky wuxuu qabtay ballet "Beauty Sleeping" oo ay ka qayb qaadatay G. Ulanova. Guushii ugu horeysay ee weyni waxay u timid kaari, kaas oo lagu xoojiyay shaqadiisa soo socota - Tchaikovsky ballet "Swan Lake" iyo "Nutcracker", Adana "Le Corsaire" iyo "Giselle", B. Asafiev "Isha Bakhchisarai" iyo " dhalanteedka lumay”. Ugu dambeyntii, halkan dhagaystayaashu waxay barteen waxqabadka kaliya ee opera ee Mravinsky - "Mazepa" ee Tchaikovsky. Sidaa darteed, waxay u muuqatay in muusikiiste hibo leh uu ugu dambeyntii doortay jidka maaraynta masraxa.

Tartankii guud ee ururka oo dhan sanadkii 1938 ayaa bog cusub oo qurux badan ka furay taariikh nololeedka hal-abuurka fannaanka. Waqtigaan, Mravinsky wuxuu horey u soo ururiyay waayo-aragnimo weyn oo ku saabsan riwaayadaha heesaha ee Leningrad Philharmonic. Gaar ahaan waxa uu ahaa kulan uu la yeeshay shaqada D. Shostakovich intii lagu jiray tobankii sano ee muusiga Soviet ee 1937. Kadibna Symphony shanaad ee muusigga cajiibka ah ayaa la sameeyay markii ugu horeysay. Shostakovich ka dib ayaa qoray: "Waxaan si dhow u bartay Mravinsky intii lagu jiray shaqadayada wadajirka ah ee Symphony Shanaad. Waa inaan qiraa in markii hore aan xoogaa ka cabsaday habka Mravinsky. Waxa ay iila muuqatay in uu aad ugu dheeraaday dhayalsi, oo uu aad u fiirsaday, waxa ay ii muuqatay in ay taasi dhaawacayso qorshaha guud, fikradda guud. Xeelad kasta, fikir kasta, Mravinsky wuxuu iga dhigay su'aalo dhab ah, isaga oo iga dalbanaya jawaabta dhammaan shakiyada isaga ku soo kordhay. Laakiin mar hore maalintii shanaad ee wada shaqaynta, waxaan ogaaday in habkani uu hubaal yahay midka saxda ah. Waxaan bilaabay inaan si dhab ah u qaato shaqadayda, anigoo daawanaya sida dhabta ah ee Mravinsky u shaqeeyo. Waxaan gartay in kirishbooyuhu uusan u heesin sida habeenkii oo kale. Kartida waa in marka hore lagu daro shaqo dheer oo rafaad badan.

Bandhiga Mravinsky ee Symphony shanaad ayaa ka mid ahaa waxyaabihii ugu muhiimsanaa ee tartanka. Kaariyihii ka socday Leningrad ayaa la guddoonsiiyay abaal-marintii ugu horreysay. Dhacdadani waxa ay si weyn u go'aamisay masiirka Mravinsky - wuxuu noqday hogaamiyaha sare ee orkesterka heesaha ee Leningrad Philharmonic, oo hadda ah jamhuuriyadda si wanaagsan loogu qalmo. Tan iyo markaas, ma jiraan dhacdooyin dibadda ah oo la dareemi karo oo ku saabsan nolosha Mravinsky. Sannadba sanadka ka dambeeya, waxa uu kobciyaa kooxda hogaamisa, isaga oo balaadhinaya muuqaalkeeda. Markii uu xirfaddiisa sare u qaadayay, Mravinsky waxa uu bixinayaa tafsiiro cajiib ah oo ku saabsan heesihii Tchaikovsky, oo ay ka shaqeeyaan Beethoven, Berlioz, Wagner, Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler iyo halabuurayaal kale.

Nolosha nabadda ee orkesterka ayaa la joojiyay 1941-kii, markii, go'aan dawladeed, Leningrad Philharmonic ayaa loo daadgureeyay bariga oo la furay xilli ciyaareedka soo socda ee Novosibirsk. Sannadahaas, muusiga Ruushku wuxuu si gaar ah meel muhiim ah uga ahaa barnaamijyada kaariyada. Isagoo la socda Tchaikovsky, wuxuu sameeyay shuqullo ay sameeyeen Glinka, Borodin, Glazunov, Lyadov… In Novosibirsk, Philharmonic wuxuu bixiyay 538 riwaayado riwaayado ah oo ay ka soo qaybgaleen 400 oo qof…

Dhaqdhaqaaqa hal-abuurka ee Mravinsky ayaa gaadhay heerkii ugu sarreeyey ka dib markii ay ku soo laabteen kooxda orchestra ee Leningrad. Sidii hore oo kale, daawadeenku wuxuu wax ka qabtaa Philharmonic isagoo wata barnaamijyo qani ah oo kala duwan. Turjumaan aad u fiican ayaa laga helay isaga oo ay ku jiraan shuqullada ugu fiican ee laxamiistaha Soofiyeedka. Sida laga soo xigtay muusik-yaqaanka V. Bogdanov-Berezovsky, "Mravinsky wuxuu horumariyay qaabkiisa shakhsi ahaaneed ee waxqabadka, kaas oo lagu garto isku dhafanaanta shucuureed iyo mabaadi'da garaadka, sheeko dabeecadeed iyo macquul dheellitiran ee qorshaha guud ee waxqabadka, oo uu sameeyay Mravinsky ugu horreyntii Waxqabadka shaqooyinka Soofiyeedka, kor u qaadida taas oo uu bixiyay oo uu siiyay dareen badan.

Fasiraadda Mravinsky waxaa loo adeegsaday markii ugu horreysay shaqooyin badan oo ay sameeyeen qorayaasha Soofiyeedka, oo ay ku jiraan Prokofiev's Sixth Symphony, A. Khachaturian's Symphony-Poem, iyo, dhammaan ka sarreeya, abuurista cajiibka ah ee D. Shostakovich, oo lagu daray sanduuqa dahabka ah ee muusigayada muusiga. Shostakovich wuxuu u wakiishay Mravinsky waxqabadkii ugu horreeyay ee shanaad, lixaad, siddeedaad (oo u heellan kormeeraha), heesaha sagaalaad iyo tobnaad, oratorio Song of the Forests. Waxaa sifo ah, isagoo ka hadlaya Symphony toddobaad, qoraagu wuxuu ku nuuxnuuxsaday 1942: "Dalkeena, riwaayadaha waxaa lagu soo bandhigay magaalooyin badan. Muscovites ayaa dhawr jeer dhegaystay isaga oo u hoggaansamaya S. Samosud. Frunze iyo Alma-Ata, hees-faneedka waxaa qaaday Orchestra Symphony State, oo uu hogaaminayay N. Rakhlin. Waxaan si qoto dheer ugu mahadcelinayaa Soofiyeeti iyo kuwa ajnabiga ah jacaylka iyo dareenka ay u muujiyeen riwaayaddayda. Laakiin waxa ay iigu dhawayd aniga qoraa ahaan, oo ay qaadeen kooxda Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra ee uu hoggaamiyo Evgeny Mravinsky.

Shaki kuma jiro in ay ku hoos jirtay hoggaanka Mravinsky in kooxda Leningrad orchestra ay u kortay koox heeso heer caalami ah. Tani waa natiijada shaqada daalin ee kirishbooyada, rabitaankiisa aan daalin ee uu rabo inuu raadiyo akhris cusub, qoto dheer oo sax ah oo ku saabsan shaqooyinka muusikada. G. Rozhdestvensky wuxuu qoray: "Mravinsky wuxuu si isku mid ah u dalbanayaa naftiisa iyo kooxda orchestra. Intii lagu guda jiray safarrada wadajirka ah, markii aan maqlo shaqooyin isku mid ah marar badan muddo gaaban, waxaan had iyo jeer la yaabay awoodda Evgeny Alexandrovich inuusan lumin dareenka cusub ee soo noqnoqda. Riwaayad kastaa waa horudhac, riwaayad kasta ka hor wax walba waa in dib loo tijaabiyaa. Iyo sida ay u adag tahay mararka qaarkood!

Sanadihii dagaalka ka dib, aqoonsi caalami ah ayaa yimid Mravinsky. Sida caadiga ah, kirishbooyuhu wuxuu u dhoofaa dibadda si wadajir ah kooxda orkester-ka ee uu hoggaamiyo. Kaliya 1946 iyo 1947 wuxuu marti ku ahaa guga Prague, halkaas oo uu ku soo bandhigay heeso Czechoslovak ah. Bandhigyadii Leningrad Philharmonic ee Finland (1946), Czechoslovakia (1955), waddamada Galbeedka Yurub (1956, 1960, 1966), iyo United States of America (1962) waxay ahaayeen guul guul leh. Hoolalka cidhiidhiga ah, sacabka dadweynaha, dib u eegis xamaasad leh - waxaas oo dhan waa aqoonsiga xirfadda heerka koowaad ee Leningrad Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra iyo maareeyaha madaxa Evgeny Aleksandrovich Mravinsky. Dhaqdhaqaaqa barbaarinta ee Mravinsky, oo ah borofisar ka tirsan Conservatory Leningrad, ayaa sidoo kale helay aqoonsi wanaagsan.

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek, 1969