Giovanni Battista Pergolesi |

Giovanni Battista Pergolesi

Pergoles "Maid-Maid". A Serpina penserete (M. Bonifaccio)

Laxamiistaha opera-ga talyaaniga J. Pergolesi waxa uu galay taariikhda muusiga isaga oo ka mid ah hal-abuurayaasha nooca opera buffa. Asal ahaan, oo ku xiran caadooyinka majaajilada dadweynaha ee maaskaro (dell'arte), opera buffa waxay gacan ka geysatey sameynta mabaadi'da cilmaani ah, dimoqraadiyadda ee masraxa muusikada ee qarnigii XNUMX-aad; Waxay ku xoojisay arsenal-ka riwaayadaha opera iyada oo la adeegsanayo codad cusub, qaabab, farsamooyin marxaladda. Qaababka nooca cusub ee ka soo baxay shaqada Pergolesi ayaa muujiyay dabacsanaan, awoodda la cusboonaysiinayo iyo in lagu sameeyo isbeddello kala duwan. Horumarka taariikhiga ah ee onepa-buffa wuxuu ka yimaadaa tusaalooyinka hore ee Pergolesi ("Addoonka-Mistress") - ilaa WA Mozart ("guurka Figaro") iyo G. Rossini ("Barber of Seville") iyo dheeraad ah qarnigii XNUMXaad ("Falstaff" by J. Verdi, "Mavra" by I. Stravinsky, laxamiistaha ayaa isticmaalay mawduucyada Pergolesi ee ballet "Pulcinella", "Jacaylka Saddexda Oranges" ee S. Prokofiev).

Pergolesi noloshiisa oo dhan waxay ku qaadatay Naples, oo caan ku ah dugsiga caanka ah ee opera. Halkaa waxa uu kaga qalin jabiyay konserfatifka (macalimiintiisa waxa ka mid ahaa laxamiistayaal caan ah - F. Durante, G. Greco, F. Feo). Masraxa Neapolitan ee San Bartolomeo, opera-kii ugu horreeyay ee Pergolesi, Salustia (1731), ayaa la sameeyay, sannad ka dib, bandhiggii taariikhiga ahaa ee opera Maxbuuska sharafta leh ayaa ka dhacay isla masraxa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma ahayn wax-qabadka ugu weyn ee soo jiitay dareenka dadweynaha, laakiin laba majaajillo ah oo isku dhafan, oo Pergolesi, oo raacaya dhaqanka ka soo baxay tiyaatarada Talyaaniga, wuxuu dhex dhigay inta u dhaxaysa ficillada opera seria. Wax yar ka dib, oo lagu dhiirigeliyay guusha, laxamiistaha laga soo ururiyey kuwan ayaa dhexgaliyay opera madax-bannaan - "Adeeg-Marwada". Wax walbaa waxay ahaayeen kuwo ku cusub waxqabadkan - qorshe maalinle ah oo fudud (addoonkii xariif ahaa ee Serpina wuxuu guursaday sayidkeeda Uberto oo waxay noqotay sayidad nafteeda), sifooyinka muusikada ee jilayaasha, firfircooni, iskudhafka waxtarka leh, heeso iyo bakhaar qoob-ka-cayaar ah. Xawliga degdega ah ee waxqabadka masraxa waxa uu ka dalbaday xirfada jilida ee heersare ah jilayaasha.

Mid ka mid ah operas-kii ugu horreeyay ee buffa, oo caan ka helay Talyaaniga, Maid-Madame waxay gacan ka gaysatay kobcinta opera-ga majaajilada ah ee dalalka kale. Guusha guusha waxay la socotay wax-soo-saarkeedii Paris xagaagii 1752. Safarka kooxda "Buffons" ee Talyaanigu waxay noqotay munaasabadda doodda hawl-qabadka ee ugu fiiqan (waxa loogu yeero "Dagaalkii Buffons"), kaas oo ay ku jiraan kuwa raacsan nooc cusub ayaa isku dhacay (waxaa ka mid ahaa encyclopedists - Diderot, Rousseau, Grimm iyo kuwa kale) iyo taageerayaasha opera maxkamadda Faransiiska (musiibo heeseed). Inkasta oo, amarkii boqorka, "buffons" ayaa si dhakhso ah looga saaray Paris, dareenka ma hoos u dhicin muddo dheer. Jawiga khilaafyada ku saabsan siyaabaha loo cusboonaysiinayo masraxa muusiga, waxa kacay nooca opera majaajilada ee Faransiiska. Mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu horreeya - "The Village Sorcerer" ee qoraaga caanka ah ee Faransiiska iyo faylasuufka Rousseau - wuxuu sameeyay tartan u qalma "The Maid-Mistress".

Pergolesi, oo ku noolaa 26 sano oo keliya, ayaa ka tagay hodan, oo cajiib ah oo ku saabsan hiddaha hal-abuurka ah ee qiimaha leh. Qoraaga caanka ah ee operas buffa (marka laga reebo Addoonka-Marwada - Monk ee Jacaylka, Flaminio, iwm.), Waxa kale oo uu si guul leh uga shaqeeyay noocyada kale: wuxuu qoray operas seria, muusik muqadas ah (masses, cantatas, oratorios) , qalab. shaqeeya (trio sonatas, overtures, concertos). Wax yar ka hor dhimashadiisa, cantata "Stabat Mater" ayaa la abuuray - mid ka mid ah shuqullada ugu waxyoonay ee laxanka, oo loo qoray koox yar oo qolal ah (soprano, alto, string quartet iyo xubin), oo ay ka buuxaan heer sare, daacad ah oo gasha. dareen.

Shaqooyinka Pergolesi, oo la abuuray ku dhawaad ​​​​3 qarni ka hor, waxay xambaarsan yihiin dareenkaas cajiibka ah ee dhalinyarada, furfurnaanta heesaha, dabeecadda xiisaha leh, kuwaas oo aan kala sooc lahayn fikradda dabeecadda qaranka, ruuxa farshaxanka Talyaaniga. "Muusikadiisa," B. Asafiev wuxuu wax ka qoray Pergolesi, "oo ay weheliso jilicsanaanta jacaylka soo jiidashada leh iyo sakhradda lyrical, waxaa jira bogag leh dareen caafimaad leh, nolol xoog leh iyo casiirka dhulka, oo iyaga ku xiga waxaa jira qaybo. taas oo xamaasad, khiyaano, kaftan iyo gaiety aan taxadar lahayn ay si fudud oo xor ah u taliyaan, sidii waagii carnivals.

I. Okhalova

Halabuurka:

riwaayado - in ka badan 10 taxane opera ah, oo ay ku jiraan Maxbuuska sharafta leh (Il prigionier superbo, with interludes The Maid-Mistress, La serva padrona, 1733, San Bartolomeo Theatre, Naples), Olympiad (L'Olimpiade, 1735, "Theater Tordinona, Rome), operas buffa, oo ay ku jiraan Monk ee Jacaylka (Lo frate 'nnamorato, 1732, Tiyaatarka Fiorentini, Naples), Flaminio (Il Flaminio, 1735, ibid.); aftahanimo, cantatas, mass iyo shuqullo kale oo muqadas ah, oo ay ku jiraan Stabat Mater, concertos, trio sonatas, aria, duets.