Muusigga Masraxa |

muusiga masraxa - muusigga bandhigyada riwaayadaha. masraxa, oo la mid ah noocyada kale ee art-va ee ka qayb qaadanaya masraxa. qaabka riwaayadaha. Muusigga waxaa bixin kara qoraaga riwaayadaha ah, ka dibna, sida caadiga ah, waxaa dhiirigeliyay sheekada oo aan dhaafin noocyada maalinlaha ah (calaamadaha, fanfares, heesaha, socodka, qoob ka ciyaarka). Muuse. Qaybaha lagu soo bandhigay bandhiga marka ay codsadaan agaasimaha iyo laxamiistaha badanaa waxay leeyihiin dabeecad guud oo laga yaabo in aanay lahayn dhiirigelin toos ah. T. m. waa riwaayad-yaqaan firfircoon. arrin macno weyn oo macno iyo qaab dhismeed leh; waxay awoodaa in ay abuurto jawi shucuur ah, xooga saara DOS. fikradda ciyaarta (tusaale ahaan, Symphony ee Beethoven's Victorious ee muusiga ee riwaayadda Egmont by Goethe, muusiga Mozart's Requiem ee Pushkin's Mozart iyo Salieri), cadee waqtiga iyo goobta ficilka, tilmaamo dabeecadda, saamaynta ku meel gaadhka iyo laxanka wax qabadka, waxay muujisaa ta ugu wayn. Dhammaystirka, si loo siiyo midnimo waxqabadka iyadoo la kaashanayo iyada oo la adeegsanayo dhawaaq. horumarka iyo qodobbada muhiimka ah. Marka loo eego hawsha qoraaga, muusikadu waxa ay la jaanqaadi kartaa waxa ka dhacaya masraxa (soo jeedka muusiga shibbanaha) ama waxa uu ka duwanaan karaa. Kala saar muusigga, oo laga saaray baaxadda masraxa. ficilada (kordhinta, isgoysyada, madax-xanuunnada), iyo dhexda. Muusiga waxa si gaar ah loogu qori karaa waxqabadka ama waxa uu ka kooban yahay jajabyo halabuur hore loo yiqiin. Miisaanka tirooyinka waa ka duwan yahay - laga bilaabo jajab ilaa dhowr. wareegyada ama otd. dhawaaqyada isku dhafan (waxa loogu yeero lahjadaha) si ay u muujiyaan heeso waaweyn. dhacdooyin. T. m. waxa uu xidhiidh adag la yeeshaa riwaayadaha iyo jihaynta: halabuuruhu waa in uu la jaanqaadaa ujeedadiisa nooca riwaayadda, qaabka riwaayadaha, waayaha uu falku dhacayo iyo ujeedada agaasimuhu.

Taariikhda t. m. wuxuu dib ugu noqdaa noocyadii ugu qadiimiga ahaa ee masraxa, ee laga dhaxlay diimaha. falalka dhaqan ee ay synthetic. qof. Bari hore iyo kii hore. riwaayad kelmad midaysan, muusig, qoob ka ciyaar si siman loo siman yahay. Giriigga kale. masiibo ka soo baxday dithyramb, muuse. salkuna ahaa hobolada. heeso midaysan oo ay la socdaan qalab: geli doona. heesta heesta (parod), xarunta. heeso (stasima), gebagebadii. hobolada (eksod), hobolada la socda qoob-ka-ciyaarka (emmeley), heeso. wada hadal-cabashada jilaaga iyo kooxda heesta (kommos). Classic ee Hindiya. tiyaatarka waxaa ka horeeyay riwaayad faneed. noocyada masraxa sariiraha. bandhigyada: lila (Riwaayadda-muusiga-dheesha), katakali (pantomime), yakshagana (isku-darka qoob-ka-ciyaarka, wada-hadalka, akhrinta, heesa), iwm. Ka dib ind. tiyaatarku waxa uu hayaa muusik iyo qoob ka ciyaar. dabeecadda. Taariikhda masraxa nibiriga doorka hogaaminta sidoo kale waxaa iska leh masraxyada isku dhafan. matalaad; isku dhafka muusik iyo riwaayadaha waxaa loo fuliyaa si gaar ah mid ka mid ah masraxyada hormuudka ka ah. noocyada qarniyadii dhexe - zaju. In zaju, falku waxa uu ku soo ururay hal dabeecad, kaas oo sameeyay dhawr jilayaal fal kasta. arias in laxanno gaar ah canonized xaalad la siiyey. Arias noocan oo kale ah waa daqiiqado guud, dareenka dareenka. koronto. In Japan, laga bilaabo noocyada hore ee masraxa. matalaad gaar ahaan bugaku (qarnigii 8aad) - predv. bandhigyo leh muusigga gagaku (eeg muusiga Jabbaan). Door muhiim ah ayaa sidoo kale lagu ciyaaraa muusikada ee tiyaatarada noh (laga bilaabo qarniyadii 14aad ilaa 15aad), joruri (laga bilaabo qarnigii 16aad), iyo kabuki (laga bilaabo qarnigii 17aad). Ma jiro wax riwaayado ah oo lagu dhisay qaab dhawaaq-dhar leh oo la soo saaray ku dhawaaqida qoraalka ee cod gaar ah. shaambad. Kooxda heesta waxay ka faallootaa ficilka, waxay qabataa wadahadal, sheeko, raacdo qoob ka ciyaarka. Horudhacu waa heeso wareeg ah (miyuki), gebogebada waxaa la sameeyaa qoob ka fiirsi (yugen). In joruri - Japanese hore. masraxa puppet - heesaaga-sheekadiisu waxay la socotaa pantomime-ka oo leh heeso, ruuxa nar. Sheeko xamaasad leh oo la socota shamisen. Masraxa kabuuki, qoraalka ayaa sidoo kale lagu heesaa, waxaana bandhiga ku weheliya orkester nar. qalab. Muusigga sida tooska ah ula xiriira jilitaanka waxaa lagu magacaabaa "degatari" gudaha kabuki waxaana lagu qabtaa masraxa; Saamaynta dhawaaqa (genza ongaku) ​​waxay calaamad u tahay dhawaaqyada iyo dhacdooyinka dabiiciga ah ( garaaca durbaanka waxay soo gudbiyaan codka roobka ama qulqulka biyaha, garaac gaar ah ayaa tilmaamaya inuu baraf da'ay, dharbaaxo looxyada gaarka ah waxay ka dhigan tahay muuqaalka dayaxa, iwm.), iyo fannaaniinta - fanaaniinta waxaa la dhigayaa gadaashiisa shaashadda bamboo. Bilawga iyo dhamaadka ciyaarta, durbaan weyn (muusikada xafladaha) ayaa dhawaaqa, marka daaha kor loo qaado oo hoos loo dhigo, guddiga "ki" ayaa la ciyaaraa, muusig gaar ah ayaa la ciyaara xilligan "seriage" - muuqaalka muuqaalka. ayaa masraxa kor loogu qaadayaa. Muusigu wuxuu ka ciyaaraa door muhiim ah kabuki. la socda pantomime (dammari) iyo qoob ka ciyaar.

Qarniyadii dhexe. Zap Yurub, aaway tiyaatarkii. Dhaxalkii waayihii hore waxa loo raray in la ilowsiiyo, prof. riwaayado horumaray. arr. oo waafaqsan dacwadda kaniisadda. Qarnigii 9-13aad. Kaniisadaha Katooliga, wadaaddada ayaa ku hor ciyaarayay meesha allabariga lat. riwaayadaha diinta; qarniyadii 14-15aad. riwaayaddu waxay u horumartay sir leh wadahadalo lagu hadlo, oo lagu sameeyay meel ka baxsan macbadka qaranka. luqadaha Jawi cilmaani ah, muusik ayaa ka dhawaajisay xilliga imaatinka. dabbaaldegyo, socod-maskaxeed, nar. matalaad. Waxaa ka yimid prof. muusiga qarniyadii dhexe ee cilmaaniga ah. Bandhigyadu waxa ay ilaaliyeen Adam de la Halle's "Ciyaarta Robin iyo Marion", kuwaas oo nambarada heesaha yaryar (virele, ballads, rondo) ay beddelaan, wok. wada hadal, qoob ka ciyaar leh instr. galbin.

In Renaissance, Western-Yurub. fanku wuxuu u jeestay dhaqankii hore. masraxa; Masiibo, majaajillo, xoolo-dhaqato ayaa ciidda cusub ku soo caan baxay. Caadi ahaan waxa lagu soo bandhigay masraxyo cajiib ah. isdhexgal maldahan. iyo khuraafaad. content, oo ka kooban wok. Nambarada qaabka madrigal iyo qoob ka ciyaarka (Ciyaarta Chintio's "Orbecchi" ee muusikadeed ee A. della Viola, 1541; "Trojanki" ee Dolce muusik by C. Merulo, 1566; "Oedipus" by Giustiniani muusiko by A. Gabrieli, 1585 ; "Aminta" ee Tasso oo leh muusigga C. Monteverdi, 1628). Inta lagu guda jiro muddadan, music (recitatives, arias, qoob ka ciyaarka) inta badan ka dhawaajiyeen inta lagu guda jiro imaatinka. Masquerades, socod- damaashaadka (tusaale ahaan, Canti Talyaani, Trionfi). Qarnigii 16aad oo ku salaysan geesoolayaal. style madrigal kacday synthetic gaar ah. nooca - majaajilada madrigal.

Ingiriisku wuxuu noqday mid ka mid ah marxaladaha ugu muhiimsan taariikhda T. m. Masraxa Qarnigii 16aad Mahadsanid W. Shakespeare iyo asxaabtiisii ​​– riwaayad-yaqaannada F. Beaumont iyo J. Fletcher - Ingiriisi. tiyaatarka ee era Elizabeth horumariyo caadooyinka xasilloon ee waxa loogu yeero. muusig shil ah - muusik yar oo fur-in. tirooyinka, oo si dabiici ah loogu soo daray riwaayadda. Riwaayadaha Shakespeare waxa ka buuxa weedho qoraaga oo tilmaamaya hab-dhaqanka heesaha, ballad-yada, qoob-ka-ciyaarka, bandhigyada, fanfasyada salaanta, calaamadaha dagaalka, iwm. Muusig badan iyo dhacdooyin musiibo ah ayaa sameeya riwaayadaha ugu muhiimsan. shaqada (heesaha Ophelia iyo Desdemona, socodkii aaska ee Hamlet, Coriolanus, Henry VI, qoob ka ciyaarka kubbadda Capulet ee Romeo iyo Juliet). Wax-soo-saarka wakhtigan waxaa lagu gartaa tiro bandhig faneedyo ah. Saamaynta, oo ay ku jiraan doorasho gaar ah oo qalab ah oo ku xiran marxaladda. xaaladaha: horudhacyada iyo hal-abuurka, fanfas ayaa ka dhawaajisay markii ay soo baxeen dad darajo sare leh, markii ay soo baxeen malaa'ig, rooxaan, iyo makhluuqaad kale oo ka sarreeya. ciidamada - buunanka, goobaha dagaalka - durbaan, muuqaalka adhijirka - oboe, muuqaal jacayl - biibiile, goobaha ugaarsiga - gees, socodka aaska - trombone, heeso. heesaha waxaa la socday hal-abuur. In "Globe" t-re, marka lagu daro muusigga uu bixiyo qoraaga, waxaa jiray horudhac, isdhexgal, inta badan qoraalka waxaa loogu dhawaaqaa asalka muusikada (melorama). Muusigga lagu tumay bandhigyada Shakespeare intii uu qoraagu noolaa lama ilaalin; loo yaqaan qormooyinka Ingiriisiga oo keliya. qorayaasha waagii soo celinta (nus labaad ee qarnigii 2aad). Waqtigaas, geesiga ayaa ka talinayay masraxa. riwaayado iyo maaskaro. Waxqabadyada nooca geesinimada. riwaayadaha waxaa ka buuxay muusig; qoraalka afka ah ayaa dhab ahaantii kaliya isku hayay muusikyada. qalab. Maaskarada ka soo jeeda England ee con. Qarnigii 17-aad, intii lagu jiray dib-u-habaynta, waxay u guurtay masraxa dadweynaha, iyada oo haysata dabeecad kala duwan oo cajiib ah. Qarnigii 16aad ee ruuxa maaskarada, qaar badan ayaa dib loo sameeyay. Shakespeare's riwaayadaha ("The Tempest" oo leh muusik uu leeyahay J. Banister iyo M. Locke, "The Fairy Queen" oo ku salaysan "Riyada Habeenka Midsummer" iyo "The Tempest" oo leh muusik G. Purcell). Dhacdo cajiib ah oo Ingiriisi ah. T. m. wakhtigan waa shaqada G. Purcell Inta badan shaqadiisa waxay ka tirsan yihiin goobta T. m., si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar badan oo iyaga ka mid ah, sababtoo ah madax-bannaanida muusikadu. riwaayadaha iyo muusiga ugu tayada sarreeya ayaa soo socda opera (The Prophetess, The Fairy Queen, The Tempest, iyo shuqullada kale waxaa loo yaqaan semi-operas). Ka dib ciidda Ingriiska waxay samaysay synthetic cusub. nooca - opera ballad. Abuurayaashiisa J. Gay iyo J. Pepusch wuxuu dhisay riwaayadda "Opera of the Beggars" (17) ee beddelka muuqaallada wada sheekaysiga ee heesaha Nar. ruux. Ku Ingiriis. riwaayad sidoo kale waxaa sawiray G. F.

In Spain, marxaladda hore ee horumarinta nat. riwaayadaha qadiimiga ah waxay la xidhiidhaan noocyada soo dhawaynta (waxqabadyada xurmada leh), iyo sidoo kale eclogues (idyll shepherd) iyo fance - masraxyo iyo muusik isku dhafan. prod. oo lagu soo bandhigay heeso, tix gabayo, dheesha, hiddaha iyo dhaqanka ayaa lagu sii waday zarzuela. Dhaqdhaqaaqyada farshaxanka Isbaanishka ee ugu weyn waxay ku xiran yihiin shaqada noocyadan. abwaan iyo comp. X. del Encina (1468-1529). Dabaqa 2aad. Qarnigii 16aad-17aad ee riwaayadaha Lope de Vega iyo P. Calderon, heeso iyo bandhigyo ballet ayaa la sameeyay.

Gudaha Faransiiska, akhristayaasha, hobolada, instr. Dhacdooyinka masiibooyinka qadiimiga ah ee J. Racine iyo P. Corneille waxaa qoray M. Charpentier, JB Moreau iyo kuwa kale. Shaqada wadajirka ah ee JB Molière iyo JB Lully, kuwaas oo abuuray nooc isku dhafan - majaajillo-ballet ("Guurka si ikhtiyaari ah", "Princess of Elis", "Mr. de Pursonyak", "Georges Dandin", iwm.). Wadahadallada wada sheekeysiga ayaa halkan ku beddela wax akhriyayaal, arias, qoob ka ciyaar. bixitaannada (entrées) ee dhaqanka Faransiiska. adv. ballet (ballet de cour) Dabaqa 1aad. Qarnigii 17aad

Qarnigii 18-aad ee Faransiiska, alaabtii ugu horreysay ayaa u muuqatay. ee nooca melodrama - lyric. masraxa "Pygmalion" ee Rousseau, oo lagu sameeyay 1770 muusik O. Coignet; waxaa raacay melodramas Ariadne auf Naxos (1774) iyo Pygmalion (1779) by Venda, Sofonisba by Nefe (1782), Semiramide by Mozart (1778; aan la ilaalin), Orpheus by Fomin (1791), Dhegoole iyo tuugsi (1802). ) iyo The Mystery (1807) ee Holcroft.

Ilaa dabaqa 2aad. Muusigga qarnigii 18aad ee masraxa. Bandhigyadu waxay inta badan lahaayeen xidhiidhka guud ee nuxurka riwaayadda, waxaana si xor ah loogu wareejin karaa mid kale. Laxamiistaha Jarmalka iyo aragtida I. Scheibe ee "Critischer Musicus" (1737-40), ka dibna G. Lessing ee "Hamburg Dramaturgy" (1767-69) ayaa soo bandhigay shuruudo cusub oo marxaladda ah. muusik. "Semphony-ka bilawga ah waa in lagu xidhiidhiyaa guud ahaan masraxa, dhexdayada dhammaadka hore iyo bilawga ficilka soo socda ... jilaagii iyo fikradda ugu weyn ee ciyaarta oo lagu hagayo marka la samaynayo muusikada" (I. Sheibe). "Maadaama kooxda orchestra ee riwaayadayada ay si uun u beddesho hoboladii qadiimiga ah, aqoon-yahannadu waxay muddo dheer muujiyeen rabitaan ah in dabeecadda muusikadu ay tahay mid la jaan qaada nuxurka riwaayadaha, riwaayad kastaa waxay u baahan tahay wehel muusik gaar ah lafteeda" (G) Yaraynta). T. m. ugu dhakhsaha badan ayaa u muuqday ruuxa shuruudaha cusub, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa iska leh fasalada Viennese - WA Mozart (riwaayadda "Tamos, King of Masar" ee Gebler, 1779) iyo J. Haydn (ee riwaayadda "Alfred, ama the" Boqor-wadani” Bicknell, 1796); Si kastaba ha ahaatee, muusiga L. Beethoven ee Goethe's Egmont (1810) ayaa saamaynta ugu weyn ku yeeshay masiirka dheeraadka ah ee masraxa, kaas oo ah nooca masraxa oo guud ahaan gudbiya nuxurka daqiiqadaha muhiimka ah ee riwaayadda. Muhiimada ay leedahey ismuujin qaabaysan oo baaxad leh oo dhamaystiran ayaa kordhay. Qaybaha (kordhinta, isdhaafsiga, dhamaadka), kuwaas oo laga sooci karo waxqabadka oo la samayn karo dhamaadka. marxaladda (muusigga "Egmont" waxa kale oo ka mid ah Goethe's "Hees of Clerchen", melodramas "Dhimashada Clerchen", "Riyada Egmont").

T. m. Qarnigii 19-aad lagu horumariyo jihada uu tilmaamay Beethoven, laakiin xaaladaha bilicda jacaylka. Ka mid ah alaabta dabaqa 1aad. Muusigga qarnigii 19aad ee F. Schubert ilaa "Rosamund" ee G. von Chezy (1823), ee C. Weber ilaa "Turandot" ee Gozzi oo uu tarjumay F. Schiller (1809) iyo "Preziosa" ee Wolff (1821), F Mendelssohn ilaa “Ruy Blas” ee uu qoray Hugo, “Riyada Habeenka Midsummer” ee Shakespeare (1843), “Oedipus in Colon” ​​iyo “Atalia” ee Racine (1845), R. Schumann ilaa “Manfred” Byron (1848-51) . Door gaar ah ayaa loo qoondeeyay muusiga gudaha Goethe's Faust. Qoraagu wuxuu qoray tiro badan oo woks ah. iyo instr. qolalka - heeso, qoob ka ciyaar, socod, muusik goobta cathedral iyo Walpurgis Night, military. muusikada goobta dagaalka. Inta badan macnaheedu. music shaqeeya, fikradda ah taas oo la xidhiidha Goethe's Faust, iska leh G. Berlioz ("Sideed goobood oo ka? Faust", 1829, ka dib loo beddelay oratorio "The Condemnation of Faust"). Tusaalooyinka muuqda ee nooca-guriga. T. m. Qarnigii 19-aad - "Peer Gynt" ee Grieg (Riwaayadda G. Ibsen, 1874-75) iyo "Arlesian" ee Bizet (Riwaayadda A. Daudet, 1872).

Qarnigii 19-20aad ee horraantii. dhanka T. m. Dabeecadaha cusub ayaa la soo bandhigay. Agaasimayaal heersare ah oo wakhtigan ah (KS Stanislavsky, VE Meyerhold, G. Craig, O. Falkenberg, iwm.) waxay iska daayeen muusiga conc. nooca, dalbaday midabyo dhawaaq gaar ah, qalab aan caadi ahayn, ka mid noqoshada organic ee muuska. dhacdooyin riwaayadeed. Masraxa agaasimaha ee wakhtigan wuxuu soo bandhigay nooc cusub oo masraxa. laxamiistaha, iyada oo la tixgelinayo maaha oo kaliya waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee riwaayadda, laakiin sidoo kale sifooyinka wax soo saarkan. Qarnigii 20-aad 2 damacyadu way is dhexgalaan, iyaga oo u keenaya muusigga riwaayadaha; Midda ugu horreysa waxaa lagu gartaa xoojinta doorka muusigga ee riwaayadaha. waxqabadka (tijaabo K. Orff, B. Brecht, qoraayaal badan oo muusig), tan labaad waxay ku xidhan tahay masraxa muusik. noocyada (cantatas ee Orff, Arooska uu qoray Stravinsky, oratorios masraxa ee A. Honegger, iwm.). Raadinta qaababka cusub ee isku dhafka muusiga iyo riwaayadaha waxay inta badan keentaa abuurista iskudhafan gaar ah. noocyada masraxa iyo muusiga ("Sheekada Askariga" ee uu qoray Stravinsky waa "sheeko la akhriyi karo, la ciyaari karo oo la dheelayo", "Oedipus Rex" waa opera-oratorio oo leh akhristaha, "Gabadha xariif ah" ee Orff waa opera oo leh muuqaalo wada hadal oo waaweyn), iyo sidoo kale soo noolaynta qaababkii hore ee synthetic. masraxa: qadiimiga. musiibo ("Antigone" iyo "Oedipus" ee Orff iyadoo la isku dayay in si cilmiyeysan loo soo celiyo habka loogu dhawaaqo qoraalka masraxa Giriiggii hore), majaajilada madrigal ("Sheeko" by Stravinsky, qayb ahaan "Catulli Carmina" by Orff), dhexe- qarniga. siraha ("Sakicidda Masiixa" ee Orff, "Joan of Arc at the stake" by Honegger), liturgical. riwaayadaha (masaalooyinkii "Ficilka Godka", "Wiilka Dhicisoobay", qayb ahaan "Wabiga Carlew" ee Britten). Nooca melodrama wuxuu sii wadaa inuu horumariyo, isagoo isku daraya ballet, pantomime, choral iyo heeso kali ah, melodeclamation (Emmanuel's Salamena, Roussel's Birth of the World, Onegger's Amphion iyo Semiramide, Stravinsky's Persephone).

Fannaaniin badan oo caan ah oo qarnigii 20-aad ah ayaa si xoog leh uga shaqeeya nooca T.m.: Faransiiska, kuwani waa shaqooyin wadajir ah. xubno ka mid ah "Lix" (sketch "The Newlyweds of Tower Eiffel", 1921, sida uu qabo qoraaga qoraalka J. Cocteau - "isku darka musiibo qadiimiga ah iyo riwaayadaha riwaayadaha casriga ah, heeso iyo lambarada hoolka music"). bandhigyo kale oo wadajir ah (tusaale, "The Queen Margot" Bourdet oo ay la socoto muusiga J. Ibert, D. Millau, D. Lazarus, J. Auric, A. Roussel) iyo masraxa. prod. Honegger (muusigga loogu talagalay "Dance of Death" by C. Laronde, riwaayadaha kitaabiga ah "Judith" iyo "King David", "Antigone" by Sophocles, iwm); masraxa Germany. Muusiga Orff (marka lagu daro shaqooyinka aan kor ku soo sheegnay, majaajillada majaajilada ah ee Sly Ones, qoraalku waa qaafiyad, oo ay weheliyaan qalabka muusiga ee muusiga; Riyada Habeenka Midsummer ee Shakespeare), iyo sidoo kale muusigga masraxa. waxaa qoray B. Brecht. Muuse. Naqshadeynta bandhigyada Brecht waa mid ka mid ah hababka ugu muhiimsan ee abuurista saameynta "shisheeyaha", loogu talagalay in lagu burburiyo dhalanteedka xaqiiqada waxa ka dhacaya masraxa. Marka loo eego qorshaha Brecht, muusiggu waa inuu ka kooban yahay tirooyinka heesaha nuurka ah - zongs, ballads, choirs, kuwaas oo leh jile la geliyey, qoraalka afka ah kaas oo muujinaya fikirka qoraaga si habaysan. Iskaashato caan ah oo Jarmal ah ayaa la kaashaday Brecht. fannaaniinta - P. Hindemith (Ciyaar waxbarasho), C. Weil (The Threepenny Opera, Mahagonny Opera sketch), X. Eisler (Hooyada, Roundheads iyo Sharpheads, Galileo Galilei, Dreams Simone Machar" iyo kuwa kale), P. Dessau (" Geesinimada hooyada iyo caruurteeda", "Ninka Wanagsan ee Sezuan", iwm.).

Ka mid ah qorayaasha kale ee T. m. 19 - Dabaqa 1aad. Qarnigii 20-aad – J. Sibelius (“Boqorka Masiixiyiinta” ee Bawlos, “Pelléas iyo Mélisande” ee Maeterlinck, “The Tempest” ee Shakespeare), K. Debussy (qarsoodi G. D'Annunzio “Shahiidnimada St. Sebastian”) iyo R. Strauss (muusigga riwaayadda ee Molière "Ganacsatada sharafta leh" ee marxaladda xorta ah ee la qabsiga G. von Hofmannsthal). Sanadihii 50aadkii – 70aadkii. Qarnigii 20aad O. Messiaen wuxuu u jeestay masraxa (muusiga riwaayadda "Oedipus" ee hirarka Martenot, 1942), E. Carter (muusigga masiibada Sophocles "Philoctetes", "Ganacsatada Venice" ee Shakespeare), V. Lutoslavsky ("Macbeth" iyo "The Merry Wives of Windsor" Shakespeare, "Sid" Corneille - S. Wyspiansky, "Arooska Dhiiga" iyo "The Wonderful Shoemaker" F. Garcia Lorca, iwm), qorayaasha elektarooniga ah iyo la taaban karo. muusiga, oo ay ku jiraan A. Coge ("Jiilaalka iyo codka qof la'aan" J. Tardieu), A. Thirier ("Scheherazade"), F. Arthuis ("Buuqa ku wareegsan shakhsiyadda la dagaalanka J. Vautier"), iwm.

Ruush T. m. leh taariikh dheer. Waqtiyadii hore, muuqaallada wada-hadalka ee ay tumayeen buffoono waxaa wehelin jiray "heesaha jinniga", garaaca kataaradda, domra, iyo geeso. In Nar. riwaayad ka soo baxday bandhig faneedka ("Ataman", "Mavrukh", "Comedy about Tsar Maximilian", iwm), waxay u ekeyd Ruush. hees iyo sheeko. muusik. Nooca muusiga Ortodokska ayaa laga sameeyay kaniisadda. falalka liturgical - "Dhaqidda cagaha", "Ficilka foornada", iwm. (qarnigii 15aad). Qarniyadii 17-18. hodantinimada design music ahaa ka duwan waxa loogu yeero. riwaayadaha dugsiga (ciyaaryahanada - S. Polotsky, F. Prokopovich, D. Rostovsky) oo leh Arias, hobollada kaniisadda. qaab, tuubooyin cilmaani ah, calaacal, instr. tirooyinka. Comedy Choromina (oo la aasaasay 1672) waxay lahayd orkestar weyn oo leh violin, violas, flutes, clarinets, turumbooyin, iyo xubin. Tan iyo wakhtigii Peter the Great, dabaaldegyada ayaa fiday. riwaayadaha (prologues, cantatas) oo ku salaysan beddelka riwaayadaha. muuqaallo, wada-hadallo, hal-ku-dhegyo leh aria, hoobaleyaal, ballet. Ruushka waaweyn (OA Kozlovsky, VA Pashkevich) iyo halabuurayaal Talyaani ah ayaa ku lug lahaa naqshadooda. Ilaa qarnigii 19aad ee Russia ma jirin qaybinta opera iyo riwaayadaha. kooxaha; qayb ahaan sababtan awgeed inta lagu jiro way sii socon doontaa. waqti, noocyo isku dhafan ayaa ka adkaaday halkan (opera-ballet, vaudeville, majaajillo leh heeso, riwaayad muusig, riwaayad "mususik", melodrama, iwm.). Macnaha doorka taariikhda Ruushka. T. m. wuxuu ciyaaray musiibo iyo riwaayado "music", kuwaas oo si weyn u diyaariyey Ruushka. opera qadiimiga ah ee qarnigii 19aad In music of OA Kozlovsky, EI Fomin, SI Davydov in masiibooyinka qadiimiga. iyo khuraafaad. sheekooyin iyo Ruush. riwaayado wadani ah by VA Ozerov, Ya. operas-kii qarnigii 19-aad riwaayad heersare ah. dhibaatooyin, samaynta heeso waaweyn ayaa dhacay. iyo instr. foomamka (kooxaha, kor-dhaafka, is-dhexgalka, ballet); bandhigyada qaar sida foomamka hawl-qabadka sida recitative, aria, hees ayaa la isticmaalay. Tilmaamaha Ruushka nat. Hababka ayaa si gaar ah ugu muuqda hobolada (tusaale ahaan, Natalya gabadha Boyar ee SN Glinka oo leh muusig uu sameeyay AN Titov); calaamad Dhacdooyinka si habaysan ayay u raacsan yihiin caadooyinka qadiimiga Viennese. dugsiga iyo jacaylka hore.

Dabaqa 1aad. Qarnigii 19-aad AN Verstovsky, kaas oo naqshadeeyay qiyaastii. 15 AMD ah. (tusaale ahaan, muusiga loogu talagalay Gypsies-ka Pushkin ee uu sameeyay VA Karatygin, 1832, ee Beaumarchais's The Marriage of Figaro, 1829) wuxuuna abuuray tiro cantatas ah oo heersare ah caadooyinka qarnigii 18-aad. (tusaale ahaan, "Heesaha ku jira xerada dagaalyahannada Ruushka" ee heesaha VA Zhukovsky, 1827), AA Alyabyev (muusigga loogu talagalay waxqabadka jaceylka ah ee AA Shakhovsky oo ku salaysan Shakespeare's The Tempest, 1827; "Rusalka" by Pushkin, 1838 ; melodrama "Maxbuuska Caucasus" oo ku salaysan qoraalka gabayga Pushkin ee isla magaca, 1828), AE Varlamov (tusaale ahaan, muusikada Shakespeare's Hamlet, 1837). Laakiin inta badan dabaqa 1aad. Muusiga qarniga 19-aad waxa laga soo xushay alaab hore loo yiqiin. qorayaal kala duwan waxaana loo adeegsaday bandhigyada ilaa xad. Waqti cusub oo Ruush ah. Masraxa qarnigii 19-aad MI Glinka wuxuu furay muusig loogu talagalay riwaayadda NV Kukolnik "Prince Kholmsky", oo la qoray wax yar ka dib "Ivan Susanin" (1840). Dulmiga iyo is-dhex-galka, nuxurka male-awaalka ah ee daqiiqadaha ugu muhiimsan ee riwaayadaha, waxay horumariyaan heesaha. Mabaadi'da Beethoven ka dib tm Waxaa sidoo kale jira 3 shaqo oo yaryar oo Glinka ah oo loogu talagalay riwaayadaha. masraxa - aria addoon ah oo leh heeso riwaayad ah "Moldavian Gypsy" ee Bakhturin (1836), orc. Hordhac iyo heeso loogu talagalay Myatlev's "Tarantella" (1841), lammaane Ingiriisi ee riwaayadda "Subt Shot" ee Voikov (1854).

Ruus T. m. Dabaqa 2aad. Qarnigii 19aad ilaa xad ballaadhan oo ku xidhan riwaayadaha AN Ostrovsky. Connoisseur iyo ururiyaha Ruush. nar. heesaha, Ostrovsky inta badan waxay isticmaashay farsamada sifaynta iyada oo loo marayo hees. Riwaayadihiisu waxay ka dhawaajiyeen Ruush hore. heeso, heeso xamaasad leh, maahmaahyo, jacayl bourgeois-yar, heeso warshadeed iyo xabsi, iyo kuwo kale. - Muusigga PI Tchaikovsky ee The Snow Maiden (19), oo loo sameeyay waxqabadka Masraxa Bolshoi, kaas oo opera, ballet iyo riwaayado la isku daray. kooxo. Tani waxay sabab u tahay tirada badan ee muusikada. Qaybaha iyo hodonnimadooda nooceeda ah, taasoo soo dhawaynaysa bandhiga opera (hordhac, wakhtiyo kala duwan, dhacdo muuqaal ah oo loogu talagalay muuqaalka kaynta, hobolada, melodramas, heeso). Sheekada "sheekada gu'ga" waxay u baahday ka-qaybgalka walxaha heesaha qadiimiga ah (dheellitirka, qoob ka ciyaarka wareega, heesaha qoob ka ciyaarka).

Dhaqanka MI Glinka waxaa sii waday MA Balakirev ee muusiga Shakespeare's King Lear (1859-1861, overture, intermissions, processions, songs, melodramas), Tchaikovsky - ee Shakespeare's Hamlet (1891) iyo kuwa kale. (Muusiga "Hamlet" wuxuu ka kooban yahay barnaamij guud oo ku saabsan dhaqanka suugaanta riwaayadaha iyo 16 tirooyinka - melodramas, heesaha Ophelia, xabaalaha, socodka aaska, fanfare).

Laga soo bilaabo shuqullada Ruush kale. laxamiistayaashii qarnigii 19-aad ballad of AS Dargomyzhsky laga soo bilaabo muusigga ilaa "Catherine Howard" ee Dumas père (1848) iyo labadiisa heesood ee muusiga "Schism in England" ee Calderon (1866), ed. Nambarada muusikada AN Serov ilaa "Death of Ivan the Terrible" ee AK Tolstoy (1867) iyo "Nero" by Gendre (1869), heesta dadka (muuqaalka macbudka) ee MP Mussorgsky oo ka soo jeeda musiibada Sophocles "Oedipus Rex" (1858-61), muusiga EF Napravnik ee riwaayadaha. gabayga AK Tolstoy "Tsar Boris" (1898), muusik Vas. S. Kalinnikov in wax soo saarka la mid ah. Tolstoy (1898).

Qarnigii 19-20aad ee horraantii. ee T. m. dib u habayn qoto dheer ayaa lagu sameeyay. KS Stanislavsky wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu horreeya ee soo jeediya, magaca daacadnimada waxqabadka, in aan nafteena ku koobno ​​oo keliya muusikyada uu tilmaamay riwaayadaha. nambarada, dhaqaajiyay orkestarada masraxa gadaasheeda, waxay dalbadeen curiyaha inuu "la qabsado" fikradda agaasimaha. Muusigga loogu talagalay bandhigyadii ugu horreeyay ee noocaan ah waxaa iska lahaa AS Arensky (isdhexgalka, melodramas, hobollada Shakespeare's The Tempest ee Maly T-re, oo uu sameeyay AP Lensky, 1905), AK Glazunov (Masquerade Lermontov) ee boostada VE Meyerhold, 1917, marka lagu daro qoob-ka-cayaaraha, pantomimes, jaceylka Nina, dhacdooyinka symphonic Glazunov, Glinka's Waltz-Fantasy iyo jacaylkiisa Habeenka Venetian ayaa la isticmaalaa. Bilowgii. Qarnigii 20aad Dhimashadii Ivan the Terrible ee Tolstoy iyo Gabadha Barafka ee Ostrovsky oo leh muusig AT Grechaninov, Habeenkii Laba iyo Tobnaad ee Shakespeare ee muusiga AN Koreshchenko, Macbeth ee Shakespeare iyo Sheekada Kalluumaysiga iyo Kalluunka oo leh muusig NN Cherepnin. Midnimada go'aanka agaasimaha iyo muusigga. bandhigyada Masraxa Farshaxanka ee Moscow oo ay la socoto muusiga IA Sats (muusigga Hamsun ee "Riwaayadda Nolosha" iyo Andreev's "Anatem", Maeterlinck's "The Blue Bird", Shakespeare's "Hamlet" ee boostada. Ingiriisi waxaa haga G. Craig, iwm.) ku kala duwan yihiin naqshadeynta.

Haddii Masraxa Farshaxanka ee Moscow uu xaddiday doorka muusikada si loo ilaaliyo daacadnimada waxqabadka, markaa agaasimayaasha sida A. Ya. Tairov, KA Mardzhanishvili, PP Komissarzhevsky, VE Meyerhold, EB Vakhtangov ayaa difaacay fikradda tiyaatarka synthetic. Meyerhold waxa uu u tixgeliyey buundada agaasimaha wax qabadka sidii halabuur loo dhisay si waafaqsan shuruucda muusigga. Waxa uu rumaysnaa in muusikadu ay tahay in ay ka dhalato waxqabadka isla markaana qaabeeyaan, waxa uu raadinayay diidmo. isku dhafka muusikada iyo qorshayaasha masraxa (ku lug lahaanshiyaha DD Shostakovich, V. Ya. Shebalin iyo kuwa kale ee shaqada). Soo saarista Dhimashada Tentagil ee Maeterlinck ee Masraxa Studio ee Povarskaya (1905, oo ay ka kooban tahay IA Sats), Meyerhold wuxuu isku dayay inuu ku saleeyo waxqabadka oo dhan muusikada; "Hoogay maskaxda" (1928) oo ku salaysan riwaayad "Woe from Wit" by Griboedov, wuxuu ku soo bandhigay muusikada JS Bach, WA Mozart, L. Beethoven, J. Field, F. Schubert; boostada. Muusigga AM Fayko ee “Teacher Bubus” (qiyaastii 40 fp. riwaayadaha F. Chopin iyo F. Liszt) ayaa si joogto ah ugu dhawaaqay, sida shineemo aamusan.

Farqiga u gaarka ah naqshadaynta muusigga ee tiro bandhigyo 20 - hore. 30-meeyadii oo la xidhiidha dabeecadda tijaabada ah ee go'aannadooda agaasime. Marka, tusaale ahaan, 1921 Tairov wuxuu sameeyay Shakespeare's Romeo iyo Juliet ee Kamerny T-re qaab ah "sawir-jacayl-masiibo" oo leh buffoonery heersare ah, masraxiyad xoog leh, oo meesha ka saartay nafsadda. waayo-aragnimo; iyadoo la raacayo tan, muusikada AN Aleksandrov ee waxqabadka waxaa jiray ku dhawaad ​​​​lyric. line, jawiga majaajilada ee maaskarada ayaa ka adkaaday. Dr. Tusaalaha noocaan ah waa muusigga Shostakovich ee Shakespeare's Hamlet ee T-re im. Evg. Vakhtangov ee boostada. NP Akimova (1932): Agaasimuhu wuxuu u beddelay ciyaarta "oo sumcad ku leh mugdi iyo qarsoodi" oo u beddelay farxad, farxad, rajo leh. waxqabadka, kaas oo parody iyo grotesque ay ka adkaadeen, ma jirin Phantom (Akimov ayaa meesha ka saaray dabeecaddan), iyo halkii Ophelia waalan waxaa jiray Ophelia sakhraansan. Shostakovich wuxuu sameeyay dhibco ka badan 60 tiro - laga soo bilaabo jajabyo gaagaaban oo qoraalka dhexda u galay ilaa heeso heeso waaweyn ah. dhacdooyin. Intooda badan waa riwaayadaha parody (cancan, gallop of Ophelia iyo Polonius, Argentine tango, philistine waltz), laakiin sidoo kale waxaa jira qaar naxdin leh. dhacdooyin ("Muusik Pantomime", "Requiem", "Maarso aaska"). In 1929-31 Shostakovich qoray music ee tiro ka mid ah bandhigyada Leningrad. t-ra ee dhalinyarada shaqeeya - "Shot" Bezymensky, "Rule, Britannia!" Piotrovsky, noocyo kala duwan iyo waxqabadka wareegga "si ku meel gaar ah loo dilay" Voevodin iyo Ryss ee Leningrad. hoolka muusiga, ee soo jeedinta Meyerhold, ee Mayakovsky's Bedbug, ka dib majaajilada aadanaha ee Balzac ee T-ra im. Evg. Vakhtangov (1934), ee masraxa Salute, Spain! Afinogenov ee Leningrad. t-ra im. Pushkin (1936). Muusigga Shakespeare's "King Lear" (oo uu dhajiyay GM Kozintsev, Leningrad. Riwaayadda Bolshoy ruuxa dhibatada astaantiisa. hal-abuurka ee sannadahan, abuurtaa line of symphony cross-goynta. horumarinta gudaha mid kasta oo ka mid ah saddexda xudun. qaybaha masiibada ah (Lear - Jester - Cordelia). Ka soo horjeeda dhaqanka, Shostakovich wuxuu ku soo afjaray waxqabadka ma ahan socodka aaska, laakiin mawduuca Cordelia.

30kii. afar tiyaatar. dhibcaha waxaa abuuray SS Prokofiev - "Habeennada Masar" ee waxqabadka Tairov ee Tiyaatarka Chamber (1935), "Hamlet" ee Tiyaatarka-Studio ee SE Radlov ee Leningrad (1938), "Eugene Onegin" iyo "Boris Godunov » Pushkin ee Rugta Rugta (labadii wax soo saar ee ugu dambeeyay lama samayn). Muusigga loogu talagalay "Habeennada Masar" (halabuurka masraxa oo ku salaysan masiibooyinka "Caesar iyo Cleopatra" ee B. Shaw, "Antony iyo Cleopatra" ee Shakespeare iyo gabayga "Habeennada Masar" ee Pushkin) waxaa ku jira hordhac, is-dhexgal, pantomimes, akhrin oo wata orkester, qoob ka ciyaar iyo heeso wata chorus. Marka la naqshadeynayo waxqabadkan, curiyaha wuxuu isticmaalay dec. hababka symphonic. iyo riwaayadaha operatic - nidaamka leitmotifs, mabda'a shakhsiyaynta iyo mucaaradka decomp. qaybaha soo jiidashada (Rome - Masar, Anthony - Cleopatra). Sannado badan ayuu la shaqayn jiray masraxa Yu. A. Shaporin. In 20-30s. tiro badan oo bandhigyo ah oo uu la socdo muusikadiisa ayaa lagu soo bandhigay Leningrad. t-rah (Riwaayad Weyn, Tacliin t-re ee riwaayadaha); kuwa ugu xiisaha badan ee iyaga ka mid ah waa "Guurka Figaro" by Beaumarchais ( agaasime iyo farshaxan AN Benois, 1926), "Flea" by Zamyatin (ka dib NS Leskov; dir. HP Monakhov, artist BM Kustodiev, 1926), "Sir John Falstaff " oo ku salaysan "The Merry Wives of Windsor" by Shakespeare (dir. NP Akimov, 1927), iyo sidoo kale tiro ka mid ah riwaayadaha kale ee Shakespeare, riwaayadaha Moliere, AS Pushkin, G. Ibsen, B. Shaw, Owls. Riwaayadii KA Trenev, VN Bill-Belo-Tserkovsky. 40-kii. Shaporin wuxuu qoray muusikada bandhigyada Moscow. Ganacsiga yaryar "Ivan the Terrible" AK Tolstoy (1944) iyo "Habeenkii laba iyo tobnaad" Shakespeare (1945). Waxaa ka mid ah masraxa. shaqooyinka 30-kii. bulsho weyn. Muusigga TN Khrennikov ee majaajilada Shakespeare Much Ado About Nothing (1936) ayaa lahaa dhawaaq.

Dhinaca T. m. waxaa jira alaabooyin badan. waxaa sameeyay AI Khachaturian; waxay horumariyaan caadooyinka conc. calaamad T. m. (qiyaastii 20 bandhigyo; waxaa ka mid ah - muusigga riwaayadaha G. Sundukyan iyo A. Paronyan, Shakespeare's Macbeth iyo King Lear, Lermontov's Masquerade).

In bandhigyo ku salaysan riwaayadaha guumaystaha. riwaayadaha mawduucyada casriga ah. nolosha, iyo sidoo kale in wax soo saarka ee classic. riwaayadaha waxay sameeyeen nooc muusiko ah oo gaar ah. design, oo ku salaysan isticmaalka guumaysta. tiro, estr. heeso lyric iyo majaajillo ah, ditties ("Kukiga" ee Sofronov oo leh muusik by VA Mokrousov, "The Long Road" by Arbuzov music by VP Solovyov-Sedogo, "King qaawan" by Schwartz iyo "Habeenkii laba iyo tobnaad" by Shakespeare oo leh muusig by ES Kolmanovsky iyo kuwa kale); bandhigyada qaar, gaar ahaan hal-abuurka Mosk. t-ra riwaayadaha iyo majaajilada Taganka (oo uu hagayo Yu. P. Lyubimov), waxaa ku jiray heeso kacaan ah. iyo sanado ciidan, heeso dhalinyaro ("10 maalmood oo aduunka gilgilay", "The Fallen and the Living", iwm). Tiro ka mid ah wax soo saar casri ah ayaa si muuqata ugu soo jiidanaya fanka, tusaale ahaan. ee riwaayada Leningrad. t-ra im. Golaha Magaalada Leningrad (Agaasimaha IP Vladimirov) "The Taming of the Shrew" oo leh muusik by GI Gladkov, halkaas oo jilayaasha ay qabtaan estr. heeso (oo la mid ah heesaha ku jira masraxa B. Brecht), ama midka la doortay ee qaddarka ee uu hagayo S. Yu. Yursky (waxaa sameeyay S. Rosenzweig). Doorka firfircoon ee muusigga ee riwaayadaha wax-soo-saarka wax-soo-saarka ayaa ku soo wajahan nooca synthetic. Tiyaatarka Meyerhold ("Pugachev" oo leh muusik by YM Butsko iyo gaar ahaan "The Master iyo Margarita" by MA Bulgakov music by EV Denisov ee Masraxa Moscow ee riwaayadaha iyo majaajilada on Taganka, agaasimaha Yu. P. Lyubimov). Mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu caansan. ka shaqeeya - music by GV Sviridov ee riwaayadda AK Tolstoy "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich" (1973, Moscow. Maly Tr).

B. 70aadkii 20 c. ee gobolka T. m. много работали Yu. M. Butsko, VA Gavrilin, GI Gladkov, SA Gubaidulina, EV Denisov, KA Karaev, AP Petrov, NI Peiko, NN Sidelnikov, SM Slonimsky, ML Tariverdiev, AG Schnittke, RK Shchedrin, A. Ya. Eshpai iyo al.

Tixraacyo: Tairov A., oo uu agaasimay Zaptsky, M., 1921; Dasmanov V., Ciyaarta naqshadaynta muusiga iyo codka, M., 1929; Satz NI, Muusigga masraxa carruurta, buuggeeda: Jidkayaga. Masraxa Carruurta ee Moscow…, Moscow, 1932; Lacis A., Tiyaatarka Kacaanka ee Jarmalka, Moscow, 1935; Ignatov S., Masraxa Isbaanishka ee qarniyadii XVI-XVII, M.-L., 1939; Begak E., Halabuurka muusiga ee waxqabadka, M., 1952; Glumov A., Muusiga ku jira masraxa riwaayadaha ee Ruushka, Moscow, 1955; Druskin M., Muusigga Masraxa, ee ururinta: Qoraallada taariikhda muusiga Ruushka, L., 1956; Bersenev I., Muusigga ku jira bandhig riwaayadeed, buugiisa: Maqaallada la soo ururiyey, M., 1961; Brecht B., Tiyaatarka, vol. 5, M., 1965; B. Izrailevsky, Muusikada ee Bandhigyada Masraxa Farshaxanka ee Moscow, (Moscow, 1965); Rappoport, L., Arthur Onegger, L., 1967; Meyerhold W., Maqaal. Warqad.., ch. 2, M., 1968; Sats I., Laga soo bilaabo buugaagta xusuus qorka, M., 1968; Weisbord M., FG Lorca - muusikiiste, M., 1970; Milyutin P., Halabuurka muusiga ee bandhig faneedka, L., 1975; Muusiga ku jira Masraxa Riwaayadda, Sat. St., L., 1976; Konen W., Purcell iyo Opera, M., 1978; Tarshis N., Muusiga waxqabadka, L., 1978; Barclay Squire W., Muusigga riwaayadaha ah ee Purcell, 'SIMG', Jahrg. 5, 1903-04; Pedrell F., La musique indigine dans le thûvtre espagnol du XVII siîcle, tam je; Waldthausen E. von, Die Funktion der Musik im klassischen deutschen Schauspiel, Hdlb., 1921 (Diss.); Kre11 M., Das deutsche Tiyaatarka der Gegenwart, Münch. - Lpz., 1923; Wdtz R., Schauspielmusik zu Goethes «Faust», Lpz., 1924 (Diss.); Aber A., ​​Die Musik im Schauspiel, Lpz., 1926; Riemer O., Musik und Schauspiel, Z., 1946; Gassner J., Soo saarida riwaayadda, NY, 1953; Manifold JS, Muusiga ku jira riwaayad Ingiriisi Shakespeare ilaa Purcell, L., 1956; Deji R., Muusikada masraxa, L., 1957; Sternfeld FW, Musio ee masiibada Shakespeare, L., 1963; Cowling JH, Muusigga masraxa Shakespearean, NY, 1964.

TB Baranova