Gian Carlo Menotti |

Gian Carlo Menotti

Shaqada G. Menotti waa mid ka mid ah ifafaalaha ugu caansan ee opera Maraykanka ee tobaneeyo sano ka dib dagaalka. Laxamiistahaan looguma yeeri karo daah-fure adduunyo muusig oo cusub, xooggiisu waxa ay ku jirtaa awoodda uu u leeyahay in uu dareemo shuruudahan ama qisadaas u dhigaysa muusigga iyo, laga yaabo in ay ugu muhiimsan tahay, sida muusigan ay dadku u fahmi doonaan. Menotti wuxuu si fiican u yaqaan fanka masraxa opera-ga guud ahaan: wuxuu had iyo jeer qoraa libretto-ga hawlihiisa laftiisa, inta badan wuxuu u dhigaa agaasime wuxuuna hagaa waxqabadka isagoo ah kaari heersare ah.

Menotti waxa uu ku dhashay Talyaaniga ( dhalasho ahaan waa Talyaani). Aabihii waxa uu ahaa nin ganacsade ah, hooyadiina waxa ay ahayd biyaan-yaqaan hiwaayad ah. Markii uu da'diisu ahayd 10 sano jir, wiilku wuxuu qoray riwaayad, 12 jir wuxuu galay Conservatory Milan (halkaas oo uu wax ku bartay 1923 ilaa 1927). Nolosha dheeraadka ah ee Menotti (ilaa 1928) waxay ku xiran tahay Ameerika, in kasta oo curiyaha uu haysto dhalashada Talyaaniga muddo dheer.

Laga soo bilaabo 1928 ilaa 1933 waxa uu hagaajiyay farsamadiisa curin ee uu hagayo R. Scalero ee machadka Curtis Music ee Philadelphia. Darbiyadeeda dhexdeeda, saaxiibtimo dhow ayaa la samaysatay S. Barber, oo markii dambe ahaa halabuur Maraykan ah oo caan ah (Menotti waxa uu noqonayaa qoraaga libretto ee mid ka mid ah operas Barber). Inta badan, inta lagu guda jiro fasaxa xagaaga, saaxiibbadii waxay u wada safreen Yurub, iyagoo booqanaya guryaha opera ee Vienna iyo Talyaaniga. Sannadkii 1941-kii, Menotti wuxuu mar kale yimi Machadka Curtis - hadda isagoo macallin ka ah curinta iyo fanka riwaayadaha muusiga. Xidhiidhka nolosha muusiga ee Talyaanigu sidoo kale lama joojin, halkaas oo Menotti 1958 uu abaabulay "Festival of Two Worlds" (ee Spoleto) ee heesaha Mareykanka iyo Talyaaniga.

Menotti oo laxamiistaha ah ayaa sameeyay kulankiisii ​​ugu horeeyay sanadkii 1936-kii isagoo wata opera Amelia Goes to the Ball. Waxaa markii hore lagu qoray nooca opera-ka talyaaniga ka dibna loo turjumay Ingiriis. Markii ugu horeysay ee lagu guuleystay ayaa keentay guddi kale, markan oo ka yimid NBC, oo loogu talagalay opera raadiyaha The Old Maid and the Thief (1938). Markii uu bilaabay xirfadiisa muusiga opera-ga oo wata qorshayaal sheeko xiiso leh, Menotti isla markiiba wuxuu u jeestay mawduucyo cajiib ah. Run ahaantii, isku daygiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ee noocan ah (opera The God of the Island, 1942) kuma guulaysan. Laakiin mar hore 1946, opera-musiibo dhexdhexaad ah ayaa u muuqday (dhowr sano ka dib ayaa la duubay oo ku guuleystay abaalmarinta Cannes Film Festival).

Ugu dambayntii, 1950kii, Menotti shaqadiisa ugu fiicnayd, riwaayada muusiga Qunsulka, operakiisii ​​ugu horeeyay ee “weyn”, wuxuu arkay iftiinka maalinta. Ficilkeedu wuxuu dhacaa waqtigeena mid ka mid ah wadamada Yurub. Awood la'aan, kalinimo iyo difaac la'aan ka hortimaada qalabka xafiiseed ee awooda oo dhan ayaa u horseeda geesiga isdilka. Xiisadda ficilka, dareenka buuxa ee laxanka, fududaynta qaraabada iyo helitaanka luqadda muusiga waxay keenaysaa opera ku dhow shaqada Talyaanigii ugu dambeeyay (G. Verdi, G. Puccini) iyo curiyeyaasha dhabta ah (R. Leoncavallo) , P. Mascagni). Saamaynta akhriska muusiga ee M. Mussorgsky ayaa sidoo kale la dareemaya, iyo dhawaaqyada jazz ee halkan iyo halkaas ka soo baxaya ayaa muujinaya in muusiggu uu leeyahay qarnigeenna. Eclecticism ee opera (kala duwanaanshaha qaabkeeda) ayaa xoogaa lagu hagaajiyay dareenka ugu wanaagsan ee masraxa (had iyo jeer ku dhex jira Menotti) iyo isticmaalka dhaqaale ee macneheedu yahay: xitaa orchestra ee operas-kiisa waxaa lagu beddelay isku-dhafka dhowr ah. qalabka. Inta badan sababtoo ah mawduuca siyaasadeed, Qunsulka wuxuu helay caan aan caadi ahayn: wuxuu ku orday Broadway 8 jeer toddobaadkii, waxaa lagu soo bandhigay 20 waddan oo adduunka ah (oo ay ku jiraan USSR), waxaana loo turjumay 12 luqadood.

Laxamiistaha ayaa mar kale u jeestay masiibada dadka caadiga ah ee riwaayadaha The Saint of Bleecker Street (1954) iyo Maria Golovina (1958).

Ficilka opera Ninka ugu Muhiimsan (1971) wuxuu ka dhacaa koonfurta Afrika, geesigeeda, aqoonyahanka da'da yar ee Negro, wuxuu ku dhintay gacmaha cunsuriyiinta. opera Tamu-Tamu (1972), oo Indonesian-ka macneheedu yahay martida, waxay ku dhammaataa dhimasho gacan ka hadal ah. opera-kan waxaa qoray amarka qabanqaabiyeyaasha Shirweynaha Caalamiga ah ee Cilmi-yaqaannada Anthropologists iyo Ethnologists.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mawduuca naxdinta leh ma daalin shaqada Menotti. Isla markiiba ka dib opera "Medium", 1947, majaajillo farxad leh "Telephone" ayaa la sameeyay. Kani waa opera aad u gaaban, halkaas oo ay joogaan saddex jilaa oo keliya: Isaga, iyadu iyo Telefoonka. Guud ahaan, qorshayaasha operas-yada Menotti waa kuwo aad u kala duwan.

Teleopera "Amal and the Night Guests" (1951) waxaa la qoray iyadoo lagu salaynayo rinjiyeynta I. Bosch "Adoration of the Magi" (caadada bandhigeeda sanadlaha ah ee Christmas-ka ayaa horumaray). Muusiga opera-kan aad buu u fudud yahay oo waxaa loo qaabayn karaa waxqabadka hiwaayadda.

Marka lagu daro opera, nooca ugu weyn, Menotti wuxuu qoray 3 ballet (oo ay ku jiraan majaajilada ballet-madrigal Unicorn, Gorgon iyo Manticore, oo lagu abuuray ruuxa bandhigyada Renaissance), Cantata Death of a Bishop on Brindisi (1963), gabay symphonic ah. for orkestra "Apocalypse" (1951), concertos for biyaano (1945), violin (1952) la orkester iyo Triple Concerto ee saddex jilayaasha (1970), qolalka ensembles, Toddoba heeso on qoraal u gaar ah heesaa heer sare ah E. Schwarzkopf. Feejignaanta qofka, heesaha heesaha dabiiciga ah, isticmaalka xaaladaha masraxa ee cajiibka ah ayaa u oggolaaday Menotti in uu meel sare ka galo muusikada casriga ah ee Maraykanka.

K. Zenkin

Halabuurka:

riwaayado - Gabadhii hore iyo tuuggii (Gabadhtii hore iyo tuuggii, daabacaaddii 1aad ee raadiyaha, 1939; 1941, Philadelphia), Island God (Island God, 1942, New York), Dhexdhexaad (The dhexdhexaad, 1946, New York ), Telefoonka (Telefoonka, New York, 1947), Qunsulka (Qunsulka, 1950, New York, Pulitzer Ave.), Amal iyo martida habeenka (Amahl iyo martida habeenka, teleopera, 1951), Holy with Bleecker Street ( Saint of Bleecker Street, 1954, New York), Maria Golovina (1958, Brussels, Bandhiga Caalamiga ah), Duurjoogtii ugu dambaysay (The last paste, 1963), opera television Labyrinth (Labyrinth, 1963), Martin's been (Martin's been, 1964) , Bath, England), Ninka ugu muhiimsan (Ninka ugu muhiimsan, New York, 1971); balastarro - Sebastian (1943), Socdaalka maze (Errand galay maze, 1947, New York), ballet-madrigal Unicorn, Gorgon iyo Manticore (Unicorn, Gorgon iyo Manticore, 1956, Washington); cantata - Dhimashadii hoggaamiyaha kiniisaddu ee Brindisi (1963); Orchestra - gabay suubban (Apocalypse, 1951); riwaayado leh orkester - biyaano (1945), violin (1952); Riwaayad saddex jibaaran oo loogu talagalay 3 fannaan (1970); Xoolo-dhaqatada loogu talagalay piano iyo orchestra xargaha (1933); qalabaynta qolka - 4 xabbo oo xadhig ah. afar (1936), Trio oo loogu talagalay xaflad guri (Trio oo loogu talagalay xaflad guri-kulul; for flute, vlch., fp., 1936); biyaano - wareegga carruurta "Maansooyinka yaryar ee Maria Rosa" (Poemetti per Maria Rosa).

Qoraallada suugaantaMa rumaysni avant-gardism, "MF", 1964, No 4, p. 16.