Jussi Björling |

Jussi Björling

Jussi Björling oo Iswiidhish ah ayaa dadka dhaleeceeya ugu yeeraan ninka kaliya ee la tartamaya Beniamino Gigli oo Talyaani ah. Mid ka mid ah cod-yaqaannada ugu yaabka badan waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan "gacaliye Jussi", "Apollo bel canto". "Björling wuxuu lahaa cod qurux badan oo aan caadi ahayn, oo leh tayo Talyaani oo kala duwan," ayuu yidhi VV Timokhin. "Timbre wuxuu ku guuleystey dhalaal iyo diirimaad la yaab leh, codka laftiisa waxaa lagu kala soocay caag naadir ah, jilicsanaan, dabacsanaan isla mar ahaantaana wuxuu ahaa qani, casiir leh, olol. Inta lagu jiro kala qaybsanaanta oo dhan, codka farshaxanku wuxuu u dhawaaqay xitaa oo xor ah - qoraaladiisa sare waxay ahaayeen kuwo qurux badan oo muuqasho leh, diiwaanka dhexe oo la qabsaday jilicsanaan macaan. Iyo qaabka aadka u wanaagsan ee heesaaga waxa lagu dareemi karaa raynrayn talyaani ah, dareen la'aan, furfurnaan, in kasta oo nooc kasta oo buunbuuninta shucuurtu ay had iyo jeer shisheeye ku ahayd Björling.

Wuxuu ahaa muuqaal nool oo ka mid ah dhaqamadii Talyaani bel kanto wuxuuna ahaa heesaa ku dhiiraday quruxdeeda. Dhaleeceeyayaasha ku qiimeeyay Björling oo ka mid ah qirashooyinka kireystayaasha caanka ah ee Talyaaniga (sida Caruso, Gigli ama Pertile) ayaa gabi ahaanba sax ah, kuwaas oo quruxda heesaha, caagagga sayniska dhawaaqa, iyo jacaylka weedha legato ay yihiin astaamaha ugu muhiimsan ee waxqabadka. muuqaal. Xataa shaqooyinka nooca saxda ah, Björling waligiis uma leexan saameyn, cadaadis melodramatic ah, waligiis kuma xadgudbin quruxda weedha codka leh ee leh heeso ama lahjado la buun buuniyay. Waxaas oo dhan kama raacdo in Björling uusan ahayn heesaa ku filan dabeecadda. Sida animation iyo xamaasad uu codkiisu ka dhawaajiyay muuqaalada riwaayadaha leh ee operas ee Verdi iyo laxanayaasha dugsiga dhabta ah - haddii ay ahayd finalka Il trovatore ama goobta Turiddu iyo Santuzza ee Honor Miyiga! Björling waa farshaxan leh dareen si fiican u horumaray, wada noolaanshaha gudaha oo dhan, iyo fannaanka caanka ah ee caanka ah ee Iswidhishka ayaa keenay ujeedo farshaxan oo weyn, sheeko sheeko oo xoog leh oo ku wajahan qaabka talyaaniga ee waxqabadka oo leh caadiyan xoojinta dareenka.

Codka Björling (iyo sidoo kale codka Kirsten Flagstad) wuxuu leeyahay hooska gaarka ah ee xarrago iftiinka, sifo u ah muuqaalada waqooyiga, muusiga Grieg iyo Sibelius. Xarrago jilicsan ayaa siisay taabasho gaar ah iyo nafta talyaaniga cantilena, dhacdooyin heeso ah oo Björling uu ugu dhawaaqay sixiro, qurux sixir ah.

Yuhin Jonatan Björling waxa uu ku dhashay February 2, 1911 ee Stora Tuna oo ka mid ah qoyska muusikada. Aabihii, David Björling, waa heesaa si caddaalad ah loo yaqaan, oo ka qalin jabiyay Conservatory Vienna. Aabuhu wuxuu ku riyooday in wiilashiisa Olle, Jussi iyo Yesta ay noqon doonaan heesaa. Sidaas darteed, Jussi waxa uu aabbihii ka helay casharradiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ee heesaha. Waqtigii ayaa yimid markii carmalkii hore ee Daa'uud uu go'aansaday inuu wiilashiisa geeyo masraxa riwaayadaha si uu u quudiyo qoyskiisa, isla markaana uu ragga u baro muusikada. Aabihii ayaa abaabulay koox cod ah oo qoyska ah oo la yiraahdo Björling Quartet, kaas oo Jussi yar uu ku heesay qaybta soprano.

Afartan ayaa lagu soo bandhigay kaniisadaha, naadiyada, xarumaha waxbarashada ee dalka oo dhan. Riwaayadahani waxay ahaayeen dugsi wanaagsan oo loogu talagalay heesayaasha mustaqbalka - wiilasha laga soo bilaabo da'da yar waxay caadeysteen inay isku tixgeliyaan fanaaniin. Waxa xiisaha lihi leh, wakhtiga bandhigga afar-geesoodka ah, waxa jira cajalado laga duubay wiil aad u da’yar, sagaal jir ah oo Jussi ah, oo la sameeyay 1920-kii. Waxa uu bilaabay inuu si joogto ah u duubo da'da 18 jir.

Laba sano ka hor inta uusan dhiman aabbihii, Jussi iyo walaalihiis waxay ku qasbanaadeen inay sameeyaan shaqooyin aan caadi ahayn ka hor intaysan fulin riyadooda ah inay noqdaan fanaaniin xirfad leh. Laba sano ka dib, Jussi waxa u suurtagashay in uu galo Royal Academy of Music ee Stockholm, fasalka D. Forsel, oo markaas ahaa madaxa hoyga opera.

Sannad ka dib, 1930-kii, Jussi ayaa waxqabadkiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ka dhacay masraxa Opera House ee Stockholm. Fannaanka da'da yar ayaa ku heesay qaybta Don Ottavio ee Mozart's Don Giovanni wuxuuna lahaa guul weyn. Isla mar ahaantaana, Björling wuxuu sii watay waxbarashadiisa Royal Opera School oo uu la qaatay macalinkii Talyaaniga Tullio Voger. Sannad ka dib, Björling wuxuu noqday kali-taliste ka tirsan Opera House ee Stockholm.

Tan iyo 1933, caan ah ee heesaa tayo leh ayaa ku faafay Yurub oo dhan. Tan waxa fududeeyey socdaalkiisii ​​guusha lahaa ee Copenhagen, Helsinki, Oslo, Prague, Vienna, Dresden, Paris, Florence. Soo dhaweynta xamaasadda leh ee fannaanka Sweden ayaa ku qasabtay agaasinka tiyaatarada ee magaalooyin dhowr ah in ay kordhiyaan bandhig faneedka isagoo ka qeyb galay. Dhaqdhaqaaqa caanka ah ee Arturo Toscanini ayaa ku martiqaaday fannaanka xafladda Salzburg ee 1937, halkaas oo farshaxanku uu sameeyay doorka Don Ottavio.

Isla sanadkaas, Björling wuxuu si guul leh uga soo bandhigay Mareykanka. Ka dib markii la soo bandhigay barnaamijka keligiis ee magaalada Springfield (Massachusetts), wargeysyo badan ayaa warbixino ku saabsan riwaayadda u keenay boggaga hore.

Sida laga soo xigtay taariikhyahannada masraxa, Björling wuxuu noqday kireystaha ugu da'da yar ee Metropolitan Opera weligood la saxiixday qandaraas si ay u qabtaan door hoggaamineed. Noofambar 24, Jussi wuxuu soo kacay masraxa Metropolitan markii ugu horeysay, isagoo u saftay kulankiisii ​​​​ugu horeysay ee opera La bohème. Oo 2-dii Diseembar, farshaxanku wuxuu ku heesay qaybta Manrico ee Il trovatore. Waxaa intaa dheer, sida laga soo xigtay dhaleeceynta, oo leh "qurux gaar ah iyo dhalaalid", taas oo isla markiiba soo jiidatay dadka Maraykanka ah. Taasi waxay ahayd guushii runta ahayd ee Björling.

VV Timokhin waxa uu qoray: “Björling waxa uu ka soo muuqday masraxa Masraxa Covent Garden ee London 1939kii isaga oo aan wax guul ah ka gaadhin, xilli ciyaareedkii 1940/41 ee Metropolitan waxa uu ku furmay riwaayadii Un ballo in maschera, oo uu fanaanku ku heesay qayb ka mid ah Richard. Dhaqan ahaan, maamulka masraxa ayaa furitaanka xilli ciyaareedka ku casuuma fannaaniinta sida gaarka ah u jecel dhageystayaasha. Xagga opera-ka Verdi ee la sheegay, waxa ugu dambaysay New York ku dhawaad ​​rubuc qarni ka hor! Sanadkii 1940-kii, Björling wuxuu sameeyay markii ugu horeysay masraxa San Francisco Opera (Un ballo in maschera iyo La bohème).

Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, fanaanadu waxay ku koobnayd Sweden oo kaliya. Horaantii 1941-kii, mas'uuliyiinta Jarmalku, iyagoo ka warqaba Björling ee ka-hortagga faashiistaha, waxay u diideen fiisaha ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Jarmalka, oo lagama maarmaan u ah safar uu ku tago Maraykanka; ka dib socdaalkiisii ​​Vienna waa la joojiyay, maadaama uu diiday inuu ku heeso Jarmalka "La Boheme" iyo "Rigoletto". Björling waxa uu tobanaan jeer ku soo bandhigay riwaayado ay soo qaban qaabisay Laanqayrta Cas ee caalamiga ah si ay ugu hiiliso dhibanayaashii Naziism-ka, waxana uu sidaas ku helay sumcad iyo qadarin gaar ah kumanaan dhegaystayaal ah.

Dhagaystayaal badan ayaa bartay shaqada sayidkii Iswidishka mahad duubista. Tan iyo 1938 kii waxa uu ku duubayay muusig Talyaani ah luuqadii asalka ahayd. Later, farshaxanku wuxuu ku heesaa xoriyad siman oo Talyaani ah, Faransiis, Jarmal iyo Ingiriisi: isla mar ahaantaana, quruxda codka, xirfadda codka, saxnaanta dhawaaqa marnaba ma khiyaanayn. Guud ahaan, Björling waxa uu saamayn ku yeeshay dhagaystaha ugu horrayn isaga oo kaashanaya codkiisa ugu qanisan ee timbre iyo codka aan caadiga ahayn ee dabacsan, ku dhawaad ​​isaga oo aan la dhaqmin dhaqdhaqaaqyo cajiib ah iyo muujinta wejiga ee masraxa.

Sanadihii dagaalka ka dib waxaa lagu asteeyay kor u kac cusub oo faneedka hibada leh, taasoo keentay calaamado cusub oo aqoonsi ah. Waxa uu wax ka qabtaa guryaha opera-yada adduunka ugu weyn, waxa uu bixiyaa riwaayado badan.

Sidaa darteed, xilli ciyaareedkii 1945/46, heesaagu wuxuu ku heesaa Metropolitan, safarro ku saabsan marxaladaha guryaha opera ee Chicago iyo San Francisco. Kadibna muddo shan iyo toban sano ah, xarumahan opera American waxay si joogto ah u martigeliyaan fanaanka caanka ah. Masraxa Metropolitan tan iyo waagaas, kaliya seddex xilli ayaa ka soo wareegay Björling la'aanteed.

Noqoshada caanka ah, Björling ma jabin, si kastaba ha ahaatee, magaaladiisa, wuxuu sii waday inuu si joogto ah u qabto masraxa Stockholm. Halkan waxa uu ka iftiimiyay ma aha oo kaliya in uu taaj Talyaani ah, laakiin sidoo kale wax badan ka qabtay kor u qaadida shaqada halabuurada Swedish, oo ay ku qaadeen operas The Bride by T. Rangstrom, Fanal by K. Atterberg, Engelbrecht by N. Berg.

Quruxda iyo xoogga heesahiisa riwaayadeed, daahirsanaanta lafaha, qaamuuska cad iyo ku dhawaaqida aan macquul ahayn ee lix luqadood ayaa dhab ahaantii noqday halyeey. Waxaa ka mid ah guulaha ugu sarreeya ee farshaxanka, ugu horreyntii, doorarka riwaayadaha ee riwaayadaha talyaaniga - laga bilaabo classics ilaa verists: Barber of Seville iyo William Tell by Rossini; "Rigoletto", "La Traviata", "Aida", "Trovatore" ee Verdi; "Tosca", "Cio-Cio-San", "Turandot" ee Puccini; "Clowns" ee Leoncavallo; Sharafta Reer Miyiga Mascagni. Laakiin taas waxaa weheliya, isaga iyo Belmont ugu fiican ee Afduubka ka yimid Seraglio iyo Tamino ee Flute Magic, Florestan ee Fidelio, Lensky iyo Vladimir Igorevich, Faust ee opera Gounod. Eray ahaan, kala duwanaanta hal-abuurka Björling waa sida ballaaran ee codkiisa xoogga badan. Riwaayaddiisa waxa ku jira in ka badan afartan qaybood oo opera ah, waxa uu duubay daraasiin rikoodho ah. Riwaayadaha, Jussi Björling ayaa si joogto ah ula soo bandhigay walaalihiis, kuwaas oo sidoo kale noqday fanaaniin si fiican loo yaqaan, iyo marmar xaaskiisa, fanaanada hibada leh ee Anne-Lisa Berg.

Björling shaqadiisii ​​quruxda badnayd waxay ku dhammaatay heerkeedii ugu sarreeyey. Calaamadaha cudurka wadnaha ayaa bilaabay inay horay u muuqdaan bartamihii 50-meeyadii, laakiin farshaxanku wuxuu isku dayay inuusan ogaanin. Bishii Maarj 1960-kii, waxa soo gaadhay wadno-xannuun intii lagu jiray bandhiga London ee La bohème; waxay ahayd in la joojiyo bandhiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isagoo si dhib yar u soo kabanaya, Jussi waxa uu dib uga soo muuqday masraxa nus saac ka dib markii ay dhammaatay masraxa waxa la siiyay sacab aan hore loo arag.

Dhakhaatiirtu waxay ku adkaysteen daawaynta muddada dheer. Björling wuxuu diiday inuu ka fariisto shaqada, bishii Juun ee isla sanadkaas wuxuu sameeyay duubistiisii ​​ugu dambeysay - Verdi's Requiem.

9-kii Ogosto waxa uu bandhig faneed ka dhigay magaalada Göteborg, taasoo loogu talagalay in ay noqoto fannaankii ugu dambeeyay ee fannaanka weyn. Arias ka Lohengrin, Onegin, Manon Lesko, heesaha Alven iyo Sibelius ayaa la qaaday. Björling wuxuu dhintay shan usbuuc ka dib Sebtembar 1960, XNUMX.

Fanaanku ma helin wakhti uu ku fuliyo qorshayaashiisa badan. Horeba dayrta, farshaxanku wuxuu qorsheynayay inuu ka qaybqaato cusboonaysiinta opera Puccini ee Manon Lescaut ee masraxa Metropolitan. Caasimadda Talyaaniga, wuxuu doonayey inuu dhammaystiro duubista qaybta Richard ee Un ballo ee maschera. Waligiis ma duubin qaybta Romeo ee opera-ka Gounod.