Nikolai Rubinstein (Nikolai Rubinstein) |

Nikolai Rubinstein

Bianist ruushka, daaweyaha, macalinka, muusiga iyo shaqsiga dadweynaha. Walaalka AG Rubinstein. Laga soo bilaabo da'da 4 wuxuu bartay inuu ku ciyaaro biyaano iyadoo ay hogaamineyso hooyadiis. 1844-46 wuxuu ku noolaa Berlin hooyadiis iyo walaalkiis, halkaas oo uu casharro ka qaatay T. Kullak (piano) iyo Z. Dehn (is-waafajinta, polyphony, qaababka muusikada). Markii uu ku soo laabtay Moscow, wuxuu wax ku bartay AI Villuan, oo uu la sameeyay safarkiisii ​​​​ugu horeeyay (1846-47). Horraantii 50aadkii. galay kulliyadda sharciga ee Jaamacadda Moscow (ka qalinjabiyay 1855). Sannadkii 1858-kii ayuu dib u bilaabay hawlihii riwaayadaha (Moscow, London). Sannadkii 1859-kii ayuu bilaabay furitaanka laanta Moscow ee RMS, laga bilaabo 1860 ilaa dhammaadka noloshiisa wuxuu ahaa guddoomiyaha iyo maareeyaha riwaayadaha riwaayadaha. Fasalada muusiga ee uu abaabulay isaga ee RMS ayaa loo beddelay 1866 oo loo beddelay Conservatory Moscow (ilaa 1881 borofisarkeeda iyo agaasimeheeda).

Rubinstein waa mid ka mid ah pianists-kii ugu caansanaa waqtigiisii. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, farshaxannimadiisa wax yar ayaa laga yaqaanay meel ka baxsan Ruushka (mid ka mid ah kuwa ka reeban ayaa ahaa bandhigiisa guusha ee riwaayadaha Bandhigga Adduunka, Paris, 1878, halkaas oo uu ku sameeyay 1st Piano Concerto by PI Tchaikovsky). Inta badan riwaayado lagu qabtay Moscow. Riwaayaddiisu waxay ahayd mid iftiiminaysa dabeecadda, oo ku dhufanaysa ballaadhkeeda: riwaayadaha piano iyo orkestra ee JS Bach, L. Beethoven, F. Chopin, F. Liszt, AG Rubinstein; wuxuu u shaqeeyaa piano by Beethoven iyo kuwa kale ee qadiimiga ah iyo gaar ahaan laxamiistaha jaceylka - R. Schumann, Chopin, Liszt (kan dambe wuxuu tixgeliyey Rubinstein inuu yahay ciyaaryahankii ugu fiicnaa ee "Dance of Death" wuxuuna u hibeeyay "Fantasy on themes of Ruins of Athens" isaga). Dacaayad ka mid ah muusiga Ruushka, Rubinstein wuxuu si isdaba joog ah u soo bandhigay Balakirev fantasy piano "Islamey" iyo qaybo kale oo ay sameeyeen halabuurayaal Ruush ah oo isaga u heellan. Doorka Rubinstein waa mid aan caadi ahayn oo ah turjumaanka muusiga piano ee Tchaikovsky (filiyihii ugu horreeyay ee wax badan oo ka mid ah halabuurkiisa), kaasoo u heellan Rubinstein riwaayaddii 2aad ee piano iyo orkestra, "Ruushka Scherzo", jacaylka "Sidee! ...", ayaa ku qoray piano seddexda "Xusuusta" ee ku saabsan geeridii Rubinstein fanaankii weynaa."

Ciyaarta Rubinstein waxaa lagu kala soocay baaxaddeeda, dhammaystirka farsamada, isku-dhafka shucuureed iyo caqli-galnimada, dhammaystirnaanta qaab-dhismeedka, dareenka saamiga. Ma aysan lahayn is-xakamayntaas, taas oo lagu xusay ciyaarta AG Rubinshtein. Rubinstein wuxuu sidoo kale ku soo bandhigay qolalka qolalka F. Laub, LS Auer iyo kuwa kale.

Dhaqdhaqaaqyada Rubinstein kaari ahaan waxay ahaayeen kuwo aad u daran. In ka badan 250 riwaayadood ee RMS ee Moscow, tiro riwaayado ah oo ku yaal St. Petersburg iyo magaalooyin kale ayaa lagu qabtay isaga. Magaalada Moscow, oo hoos timaada jihada Rubinstein, oratorio waaweyn iyo shuqullo symphonic ayaa la sameeyay: cantatas, baaxadda JS Bach, qaybo ka mid ah oratorios of GF Handel, heeso, opera overtures iyo Requiem by WA Mozart, overtures symphonic, biyaano iyo concertos violin (oo leh orchestra) ee Beethoven, dhammaan riwaayadaha iyo shuqullada ugu waaweyn ee F. Mendelssohn, Schumann, Liszt, dulmaro iyo qaybo ka mid ah operas ee R. Wagner. Rubinstein waxay saamaysay samaynta dugsiga waxqabadka qaranka. Waxa uu si joogto ah ugu daray barnaamijyadiisa shuqullada laxamiistaha Ruush - MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, AG Rubinstein, Balakirev, AP Borodin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah shuqullada Tchaikovsky ayaa markii ugu horreysay lagu sameeyay ushii Rubinstein: riwaayadaha 1-aad ilaa 4-aad (ka 1aad waxaa loogu talagalay Rubinstein), qolka 1-aad, gabayga caanka ah "Fatum", khayaali-khayaali "Romeo iyo Juliet", khiyaali faneedka "Francesca da Rimini", "Talyaani Capriccio", muusiga sheeko faneedkii gu'ga ee AN Ostrovsky "The Snow Maiden", iwm. Waxa uu sidoo kale ahaa agaasimaha muusiga iyo kormeeraha bandhigyada opera ee Conservatory Moscow, oo ay ku jiraan wax soo saarkii ugu horreeyay opera "Eugene Onegin" (1879). Rubinstein kaari ahaan waxaa lagu kala soocay rabitaankiisa weyn, awoodda uu si dhakhso ah u barto qaybo cusub oo leh orkestra, saxnaanta iyo caagagga dhaqdhaqaaqiisa.

Macallin ahaan, Rubinstein wuxuu soo koray kaliya virtuosos, laakiin sidoo kale fannaaniin si fiican wax u bartay. Waxa uu ahaa qoraaga manhajka, iyada oo la raacayo taas oo sannado badan wax lagu baranayay fasalada piano ee Moscow Conservatory. Saldhigga barbaarintiisu waxay ahayd daraasad qoto dheer oo ku saabsan qoraalka muusigga, fahamka qaab-dhismeedka sawir-qaadka ee shaqada iyo qaababka taariikhiga ah iyo qaab-dhismeedka lagu muujiyay iyada oo la falanqeynayo qaybaha afka muusikada. Meel weyn ayaa la siiyay bandhig shaqsiyeed. Ardayda Rubinstein waxaa ka mid ah SI Taneev, AI Ziloti, E. Sauer, NN Kalinovskaya, F. Friedenthal, RV Genika, NA Muromtseva, A. Yu. Zograf (Dulova) iyo kuwa kale. Taneyev wuxuu u hibeeyay cantata "John of Dimishaq" xusuusta macalinka.

Dhaqdhaqaaqyada muusiga iyo bulshada ee Rubinstein, ee la xidhiidha kor u kaca bulsho ee 50-meeyadii iyo 60-meeyadii, ayaa lagu kala saaray hab dimuqraadi ah, hanuunin waxbarasho. Dadaal lagu doonayo in muusik ay heli karaan dad badan oo dhagaystayaal ah, wuxuu abaabulay waxa loogu yeero. riwaayadaha dadweynaha. Sida agaasimaha Conservatory ee Moscow, Rubinshtein gaadhay xirfad sare ee macalimiinta iyo ardayda, isbedelka ka mid ah konservatory galay machad waxbarasho oo dhab ah, hoggaanka wadajirka ah (waxa uu ku lifaaqan muhiimad weyn in golaha farshaxanka), waxbarashada fannaaniin wax bartay oo kala duwan (fiiri in music iyo culuumta aragtida). Isagoo ka walaacsan abuurista shaqaalaha muusikada iyo barbaarinta gudaha, wuxuu soo jiitay waxbaridda, oo ay weheliyaan Laub, B. Kosman, J. Galvani iyo kuwa kale, Tchaikovsky, GA Laroche, ND Kashkin, AI Dyubyuk, NS Zverev, AD Aleksandrov-Kochetov, DV Razumovsky, Taneev. Rubinstein waxa kale oo uu hagay qaybaha muusiga ee Polytechnical (1872) iyo All-Ruush (1881) bandhigyada. Waxa uu wax badan ka qabtay riwaayado samafal ah, 1877-78 waxa uu socdaal ku soo maray magaalooyinka Ruushka oo uu u door biday Laanqayrta Cas.

Rubinstein waa qoraaga qaybo piano ah (qoran yaraantiisii), oo ay ku jiraan mazurka, bolero, tarantella, polonaise, iwm. iyo tirooyinka heesaha, 1861, Maly Theatre, Moscow). Wuxuu ahaa tifaftiraha daabacaadda Ruushka ee Mendelssohn's Complete Piano Works. Markii ugu horeysay ee Ruushka, wuxuu daabacay sheekooyinka jacaylka (heesaha) ee Schubert iyo Schumann (1862).

Haysashada dareen sare oo waajibaad ah, jawaab celin, danayn la'aan, wuxuu ku riyaaqay caan weyn oo Moscow ah. Sannad kasta, sannado badan, riwaayado xusuusta Rubinstein ayaa lagu qabtay Moscow Conservatory iyo RMO. 1900-meeyadii waxaa jiray goobada Rubinstein.

LZ Korabelnikova