Shayga dabiiciga ah

Shayga dabiiciga ah, baalley (Jarmal Orgelpunkt, Faransiis pedale inferieure, Talyaani pedale d'armonia, barta Ingiriisi pedal), - dhawaqa joogtada ah ee baska, taas oo ka soo horjeeda codadka kale si xor ah u dhaqdhaqaaqa, mararka qaarkood galaan khilaaf functional bas (ilaa bixitaanka dhawaaqyo fog); is waafajinta O. p. codadka intiisa kalena waa la soo celinayaa wakhtiga la joojinayo ama wax yar ka hor. Muujinta O. p. waxay la xiriirtaa harmonic. xiisad, oo lagu go'aamiyo faraqa shaqada ee u dhexeeya codka joogtada ah iyo codadka kale. O. p. waxay xoojisaa codka harmonics. toosan, taasoo keenta hawl-qabadyo badan.

OP-yada inta badan la isticmaalo waxay ku yaalaan codka tonic (I degree of the mode) iyo kan ugu sarreeya (V degree). O. p. waa kordhinta hab-shaqeedka u dhigma, oo aan ku kordhin hal xargo, laakiin waa is-waafajin ballaaran. dhismo. Sidaa darteed, waxay leedahay macne mideeya, oo isku haya qaybaha kala duwan ee horumarinta codadka sare. O. p. on tonic waxay u keentaa muusigga dareenka xasilloonida, mararka qaarkood xitaa mid taagan; Waxay helaysaa codsigeeda ugu weyn finalka, iyo sidoo kale qaybaha hore ee muusikada. shaqeeya (tusaale ahaan, qaybta kama dambaysta ah ee goobta dhimashada Boris ee opera "Boris Godunov", bilowgii chorus 1st ee "Matayos Passion" by JS Bach). OP-ka kan ugu sarreeya wuxuu isku daraa taageero bas oo aan degganayn oo shaqaynaysa oo leh codad aan degganayn oo codadka sare ah, oo ka fog tonic, kaas oo isu beddelaya inuu hoos yimaado shaqada ugu weyn ee baska. Waxay siinaysaa muusikadda dabeecadda filashada xooggan. Isticmaalkeeda caadiga ah waa ka hor inta aan la celin (gaar ahaan sonata allegro - tusaale ahaan, waxaan qayb ka ahay sonata 8th ee c-moll ee biyaano by Beethoven), sidoo kale ka hor codadka; laga helay hordhac.

O. p. suurtagal maaha oo kaliya baska, laakiin sidoo kale codad kale (badanaa loo yaqaan codka joogtada ah) - xagga sare (Faransiiska pédale supérieure, Talyaani pédale, Ingiriisi rogaal celis ah, tusaale ahaan, qaybta III ee 3aad ee Tchaikovsky quartet) iyo dhexe (Faransiiska). pédale intérieure ama médiaire, Talyaani pédale, Ingiriisi gudaha pedal, tusaale ahaan, masraxa "The Gallows" oo ka socda wareegga biyaano "Night Gaspard" ee Ravel). Tusaalooyinka labanlaab O. p. waa la yaqaan - isku mar. on tonic iyo dhawaaqyada ugu weyn. La mid ah O. shayga, Krom tonic ayaa xukuma. function sifo music. Sheekooyinka dadyow kala duwan ("bagpipe fifths"), waxa kale oo loo adeegsaday prof. music, gaar ahaan marka ay ku dayanayaan nar. ciyaarista muusiga (tusaale ahaan, qaybta shanaad ee heesaha Beethoven ee 6aad); laba-jibbaaran O. p. - dhawaaqyada ugu sarreeya (hooseeya) iyo tonic (u-guurka u dambeeya dhamaadka heesaha Beethoven's 5th). Mararka qaarkood waxaa jira OP-yada tillaabooyinka kale (tusaale ahaan, tillaabada saddexaad ee ilmaha yar - saddexda qaybood ee qaybta II ee riwaayadda 6aad ee Tchaikovsky; codka joogtada ah ee tillaabada afraad - piano "Serenade" ee Rachmaninov). Saamaynta O. p. Waxa kale oo lagu kaydiyaa xaaladaha dhawaaqa samaysmaya aanu fidin, laakiin lagu celceliyo (tusaale ahaan, muuqaalka IV ee opera Sadko ee Rimsky-Korsakov) ama marka kuwa gaagaaban ee laxanka ah lagu celceliyo. tirooyinka (fiiri Ostinato).

Sida farshaxanka. O. ifafaale shayga ayaa xidid ku leh nar. muusiga (la socoshada heeso adigoo garaacaya tuubooyinka boorsooyinka iyo qalabyada la midka ah. Asalka ereyga "O.p" wuxuu la xiriiraa dhaqanka hore ee polyphony, organum. Guido d'Arezzo (qarnigii 11aad) ayaa lagu sharaxay "Micrologus de disciplina artis musicae" (1025-26) laba-cod "sabbaynaysa" oo leh dhaqdhaqaaq aan toos ahayn oo cod ah ("Organum suspensum"):

Franco of Cologne (qarnigii 13aad), isaga oo ka hadlaya (qormada "Ars cantus mensurabilis") ee ku saabsan xubinta taranka, wuxuu kaloo isticmaalaa ereyga "OP" - "organicus punctus". Xagga "dhibcaha" halkan waxaa loola jeedaa qaybta xubinta taranka, halkaasoo codka joogtada ah ee cantus uu ka soo horjeedo laxanka. sawirida codka sare ("point" waxa kale oo loo yaqaan dhawaaqa laftiisa). Ka dib, OP-gu wuxuu bilaabay in loo fahmo inuu yahay dhawaaqa baallaha dheer ee xubinta, kaas oo si weyn loogu isticmaalo muusikada xubnaha si waafaqsan farsamada. Awoodaha aaladda (ereyga Faransiiska dhibic d'orgue ee suugaanta muusiga ee Faransiiska macnihiisu waa cadenza wax-ka-qabashada ee soloist, ama, marar badan, fermata). In polyphonic ee qaababka qarniyadii dhexe iyo Renaissance, ifafaale of OP waxaa inta badan sababa farsamada cantus firmus (by G. de Machaux, Josquin Despres, iyo kuwa kale), kuwaas oo codadka kuwaas oo la siiyey muddo dheer.

Qarniyadii 17-19. O. p. la helay (gaar ahaan classic. foomamka muusikada) firfircoon. hantidu waxay noqdeen habab horumarineed oo awood leh. Qarnigii 19-aad O. p. waxa la bilaabay in loo isticmaalo midab ahaan, sifada nooceeda ah. macneheedu waa (tusaale ahaan, Chopin's "Lullaby", "The Old Castle" oo ka yimid "Sawirrada Bandhiga" ee Mussorgsky, II act of the opera "Prince Igor", "Heesta Martida Hindida" ee opera "Sadko"). Qarnigii 20aad habab kale oo loo isticmaalo O.p. (iyo ostinato) ayaa u muuqday. Qiimaha O. p. waxay yeelan kartaa qoob-ka-cayaar (tusaale, coda II of Shostakovich's symphony 8-aad) ama shibbane kakan. O. p. waxay qaadan kartaa dabeecadda asalka ah (tusaale ahaan, hordhaca The Rite of Spring) iyo qaabab qoraal ah oo aan caadi ahayn (tusaale ahaan, horudhac u ah falcelinta qaybta afraad ee sonata 2-aad ee piano Prokofiev - 15 dhawaaqyo si adag u leh eis sida horudhac dhawaaq-lead ah oo ka celinaya furaha d-moll).

Tixraacyo: eeg Art. Harmony.

Yu. N. Kholopov