Reinhold Moritsevich Glière |

Reinhold Gliere

Gliere Horudhac (Orkester-ka waxaa sameeyay T. Beecham)

Gliere! Toddoba ubax oo ii Faaris ah, Toddoba odalisques ee beertayda, Sixir sayidkii Musikia, Waxaad noqotay toddoba nightingales. Vyach Ivanov

Markii uu dhacay Kacaankii Hantiwadaagga Weyn ee Oktoobar, Gliere, oo horeyba u ahaa laxamiistaha, macalinka, iyo kaariyaha caanka ah ee wakhtigaas, isla markiiba wuxuu si firfircoon uga qayb qaatay dhismaha dhaqanka muusikada Soofiyeedka. Wakiil yar oo ka tirsan dugsiga Ruushka ee muusiga, arday S. Taneyev, A. Arensky, M. Ippolitov-Ivanov, oo leh hawlihiisa kala duwan, wuxuu sameeyay xiriir nololeed oo u dhexeeya muusikada Soofiyeedka iyo dhaqamada ugu qanisan iyo waayo-aragnimada faneed ee hore. . "Kama tirsanayn goobo ama dugsi," Glier ayaa wax ka qoray naftiisa, laakiin shaqadiisa si aan ikhtiyaari ahayn waxay maskaxda ku haysaa magacyada M. Glinka, A. Borodin, A. Glazunov sababtoo ah isku midka ah ee aragtida adduunka, taas oo ah mid aan macquul ahayn. wuxuu u muuqdaa mid dhalaalaya Glier, wada nool, oo dhan. "Waxaan u arkaa inay dambi tahay inaan soo gudbiyo niyaddayda murugada leh ee muusiga," ayuu yidhi curiyaha.

Hiddaha hal-abuurka ee Gliere waa mid ballaaran oo kala duwan: 5 operas, 6 ballet, 3 symphonies, 4 concertos qalabeed, muusig loogu talagalay koox naxaas ah, koox faneedka qalabka dadweynaha, qolalka qolka, qaybo qalabeed, piano iyo halabuurka codka ee carruurta, muusiga masraxa. iyo shineemo.

Bilaabidda barashada muusigga ee ka soo horjeeda rabitaanka waalidkiis, Reinhold shaqo adag wuxuu caddeeyay xaqa uu u leeyahay farshaxanka uu jecel yahay iyo ka dib dhowr sano oo waxbarasho ah oo uu ku qaatay Kiev Musical College ee 1894 wuxuu galay Conservatory Moscow ee fasalka violin, ka dibna halabuurka. "...Ma jiro qof si adag ugu shaqeeyay fasalka aniga Gliere ahaan," Taneyev ayaa u qoray Arensky. Mana aha oo kaliya in fasalka dhexdiisa. Gliere waxa uu bartay shaqooyinka qorayaasha Ruushka, buugaagta falsafada, cilmi-nafsiga, taariikhda, waxa uuna xiisaynayay daahfurka sayniska. Ma ku qanacsanayn koorsada, wuxuu bartay muusiga qadiimiga ah keligiis, wuxuu ka qayb galay fiidkii muusikada, halkaas oo uu kula kulmay S. Rachmaninov, A. Goldenweiser iyo tirooyinka kale ee muusikada Ruushka. "Waxaan ku dhashay Kyiv, Moscow waxaan ku arkay iftiinka ruuxiga ah iyo iftiinka qalbiga ..." ayuu Gliere ka qoray muddadan noloshiisa.

Shaqada culeyska badan ee caynkaas ah kama aysan bixin waqti madadaalo, Glierena kuma dadaalin iyaga. "Waxaan u ekaa nooc ka mid ah buskudka ... ma awoodo inaan meel ku soo ururiyo makhaayad, goob makhaayad ah, cunto fudud ka cuno..." Wuu ka xumaaday inuu wakhti ku lumiyo madadaaladan oo kale, wuxuu rumaysnaa in qofku uu ku dadaalo sidii uu u fiicnaan lahaa, taas oo lagu gaaro shaqo adag, oo sidaas darteed waxaad u baahan tahay "waad adkaan doontaa oo u beddelmi doontaa bir. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Glier ma ahayn "qarxiye". Waxa uu lahaa qalbi naxariis badan, laxan, ruux gabay ah.

Gliere wuxuu ka qalin jabiyay Conservatoire 1900 isagoo haysta Bilad Dahab ah, isagoo wakhtigaas ahaa qoraaga dhowr qaybood oo qolal ah iyo Symphony First. Sannadaha xiga, wax badan ayuu qoraa oo noocyo kala duwan ah. Natiijada ugu muhiimsan waa Symphony Saddexaad "Ilya Muromets" (1911), kaas oo L. Stokowski u qoray qoraaga: "Waxaan u maleynayaa in heestan aad ku abuurtay taallo u ah dhaqanka Slavic - muusikada oo muujisa xoogga Ruushka dadka." Isla markiiba ka dib markii uu ka qalin jabiyay konservatory, Gliere wuxuu bilaabay waxbarid. Tan iyo 1900, wuxuu baray fasalka wada noolaanshaha iyo encyclopedia (taas oo ahayd magaca koorsada la dheereeyey ee falanqaynta foomamka, oo ay ku jiraan polyphony iyo taariikhda muusikada) dugsiga muusikada ee walaalaha Gnessin; bilihii xagaaga ee 1902 iyo 1903. waxay diyaarisay Seryozha Prokofiev gelitaanka konservatory, waxna la bartay N. Myaskovsky.

Sanadkii 1913, Gliere waxaa lagu casuumay inuu noqdo borofisar ka kooban konserfatifka Kyiv, sannad ka dib wuxuu noqday agaasime. Halabuurayaasha caanka ah ee Yukreeniyaan L. Revutsky, B. Lyatoshinsky waxay wax ku barteen hoggaankiisa. Glner wuxuu ku guuleystay inuu soo jiito fannaaniinta sida F. Blumenfeld, G. Neuhaus, B. Yavorsky si ay uga shaqeeyaan konservatory. Waxa intaa dheer in uu wax ku baranayo laxamiistaha, wuxuu qabtay orkester arday, hogaamiyo opera, orchestra, fasalada qolka, ka qaybqaatay riwaayadaha RMS, tours abaabulan ee fannaaniin badan oo heer sare ah ee Kyiv - S. Koussevitzky, J. Heifets, S. Rachmaninov, S. Prokofiev, A. Grechaninov. 1920kii, Gliere wuxuu u guuray Moscow, halkaas oo ilaa 1941 uu baray fasalka halabuurka ee Moscow Conservatory. Waxa uu tababaray halabuurayaal badan oo Soofiyeedka ah iyo khubarada muusiga, oo ay ku jiraan AN Aleksandrov, B. Aleksandrov, A. Davidenko, L. Knipper, A. Khachaturian… wax kasta oo aad waydiiso, waxa uu noqday arday Glier - mid toos ah, ama awow.

Moscow ee 20-kii. Hawlaha waxbarasho ee wejiyada badan leh ee Glier ayaa furmay. Waxa uu hogaaminayay abaabulka riwaayadaha dadweynaha, waxa uu la wareegay gumeysiga carruurta, halkaas oo uu baray ardayda si ay ugu heesaan chorus, bandhig faneed iyaga la, ama si fudud u sheegay sheeko cirfiid, hagaajin on biyaano ah. Isla mar ahaantaana, dhowr sano, Gliere wuxuu hagayay wareegyada heesaha ardayda ee Jaamacadda Shuuciga ee Dadka Shaqeeya ee Bariga, taas oo u keentay aragtiyo badan oo muuqda sida curiyaha.

Wax ku biirinta Gliere ee samaynta muusiga xirfada leh ee jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeedka—Ukraine, Azerbaijan, iyo Uzbekistan—ayaa si gaar ah muhiim u ah. Laga soo bilaabo carruurnimadii, wuxuu muujiyay xiisaha muusiga dadweynaha ee jinsiyado kala duwan: "Sawiradan iyo dhawaaqyadani waxay ii ahaayeen habka ugu dabiiciga ah ee farshaxanka ee fikradahayga iyo dareenkayga." Ugu horrayn waxa uu ahaa aqoontiisa muusiga Yukreeniyaanka, kaas oo uu sannado badan bartay. Natiijadii ka soo baxday tani waxay ahayd rinjiyeynta asluubta The Cossacks (1921), gabayga symphonic Zapovit (1941), ballet Taras Bulba (1952).

Sannadkii 1923-kii, Gliere waxa uu martiqaad ka helay Guddiga Waxbarashada Dadka ee AzSSR si uu u yimaado Baku oo uu u qoro opera mawduuc qaran. Natiijada hal-abuurka ah ee safarkani waxa uu ahaa opera "Shahsenem", oo lagu soo bandhigay Opera Azerbaijan iyo Tiyaatarka Ballet ee 1927. Daraasada Uzbek Folklore inta lagu guda jiro diyaarinta tobankii sano ee farshaxanka Uzbek ee Tashkent waxay keentay abuurista dulsaarka "Ferghana Holiday". "(1940) iyo iyadoo lala kaashanayo T. Sadykov operas "Leyli iyo Majnun" (1940) iyo "Gyulsara" (1949). Ka shaqeynta shaqooyinkaas, Gliere wuxuu noqday mid aad iyo aad ugu qanacsan baahida loo qabo in la ilaaliyo asalka asalka ah ee caadooyinka qaranka, si loo raadiyo siyaabo lagu isku daro. Fikirkani waxa uu ka kooban yahay "Overture Solemn" (1937), oo lagu dhisay Ruushka, Yukreeniyaan, Azerbaijan, Uzbek heesaha, ee ku saabsan "On themes Folk Slavic" iyo "Saaxiibtinimada Dadka" (1941).

Muhiimad weyn ayaa ah mudnaanta Gliere ee sameynta ballet Soviet. Dhacdada cajiibka ah ee farshaxanka Soofiyeedka waxay ahayd ballet "Red Poppy". ("Ubax Cas"), oo lagu soo bandhigay Tiyaatarka Bolshoi 1927. Waxay ahayd ballet-kii ugu horreeyay ee Soofiyeedka mawduuca casriga ah, oo ka sheekeynaya saaxiibtinimada ka dhexeeya dadka Soofiyeedka iyo Shiinaha. Shaqada kale ee muhiimka ah ee noocaan ah waxay ahayd ballet "The Bronze Horseman" oo ku salaysan gabayga A. Pushkin, oo lagu sameeyay 1949 ee Leningrad. Heesta "Hymn to the Great City", oo soo gabagabaysay ballet-kan, ayaa isla markiiba noqday mid caan ah.

Qeybtii labaad ee 30-kii. Gliere wuxuu marka hore u jeestay nooca riwaayadda. In uu concertos ee kataaradda (1938), for cello (1946), for gees (1951), fursadaha lyrical soloist si weyn loo fasiro iyo isla mar ahaantaana wanaagga iyo xamaasadda dabbaaldegga ah ee ka dhex jira nooca waa la ilaaliyaa. Laakin farshaxanimada dhabta ah waa Concerto ee codka (coloratura soprano) iyo orchestra (1943) - curiyaha shaqadiisa ugu daacadsan uguna soo jiidashada badan. Qaybta bandhig faneedka guud ahaan waxa ay ahayd mid dabiici ah Gliere, kaas oo tobanaan sano si firfircoon u bixinayay riwaayado sida kaari iyo biyaano. Waxqabadyadu waxay sii socdeen ilaa dhamaadka noloshiisa (kii ugu dambeeyay waxay dhacday 24 maalmood ka hor dhimashadiisa), halka Glier uu doorbiday inuu u safro geesaha ugu fog ee dalka, isagoo taas u arkay inay tahay hadaf waxbarasho oo muhiim ah. "... Laxanka waxaa ku waajib ah in uu wax barto ilaa dhamaadka maalmihiisa, kor u qaado xirfadihiisa, horumariyo oo kobciyo aragtidiisa aduunka, horay iyo hore u soco." Erayadan Glier wuxuu qoray dhamaadka xirfadiisa. Waxay hagayeen noloshiisa.

O. Averyanova

Halabuurka:

riwaayado - opera-oratorio Earth iyo Sky (ka dib J. Byron, 1900), Shahsenem (1923-25, 1927 ee Ruush, Baku; daabacaadda 2nd 1934, ee Azerbaijani, Azerbaijan Opera Theater iyo ballet, Baku), Leyli iyo Majnun (ku salaysan ee gabayga A. Navoi, la-qoraa T. Sadykov, 1940, Uzbek Opera iyo Tiyaatarka Ballet, Tashkent), Gyulsara (la-qoraa T. Sadykov, masraxa 1949, ibid), Rachel (ka dib H. Maupassant, version kama dambaysta ah). 1947, fanaaniinta Opera iyo masraxa riwaayadaha ee loo yaqaan K. Stanislavsky, Moscow); riwaayad faneed - Gulsara (qoraalka K. Yashen iyo M. Mukhamedov, muusik uu sameeyay T. Jalilov, oo uu duubay T. Sadykov, farsamaynta iyo habaynta G., post. 1936, Tashkent); balastarro - Chrysis (1912, Masraxa Caalamiga ah, Moscow), Cleopatra (Habeennada Masar, ka dib AS Pushkin, 1926, Studio Music of Theatre Art, Moscow), Red Poppy (tan iyo 1957 - Ubax Casaan, post. 1927, Tiyaatarka Bolshoi , Moscow; Daabacaadda 2aad, post. 1949, Leningrad Opera iyo Tiyaatarka Ballet), Majaajiliistaha (Gabadha Dadka, oo ku salaysan riwaayaddii "Fuente Ovehuna" ee Lope de Vega, 1931, Tiyaatarka Bolshoi, Moscow; ed 2nd. hoosta cinwaanka Gabadha Castile, 1955, Stanislavsky iyo Nemirovich-Danchenko Masraxa Muusikada, Moscow), Horseman The Bronze Horseman (oo ku salaysan gabayga AS Pushkin, 1949, Leningrad Opera iyo Tiyaatarka Ballet; USSR State Pr., 1950), Taras Bulba (oo ku salaysan sheeko-yaqaanka). Waxaa qoray NV Gogol, op. 1951-52); cantata Ammaanta Ciidanka Soofiyeedka (1953); Orchestra - 3 heesood (1899-1900; 2aad - 1907; 3aad - Ilya Muromets, 1909-11); maansooyin isku mid ah - Sirens (1908; Glinkinskaya pr., 1908), Zapovit (xusuusta TG Shevchenko, 1939-41); xad dhaaf - Dib-u-dhac weyn (Sannad-guuradii 20-aad ee Oktoobar, 1937), Fasaxa Fergana (1940), Dulqaad ku saabsan mawduucyada dadweynaha Slavic (1941), Saaxiibtinimada dadka (1941), Guusha (1944-45); calaamad sawirka Cossacks (1921); riwaayado leh orkester - kataarad (1938), cod (1943; Rajada Gobolka ee USSR, 1946), ee wlc. (1947), gees (1951); loogu talagalay band naxaas ah - Fasaxa Comintern (khayaal ah, 1924), March ee Ciidanka Cas (1924), 25 sano oo ka mid ah Ciidanka Cas (ka baddal, 1943); loogu talagalay orc. nar. qalab - Fantasy Symphony (1943); Qalabka qolka orc. wax soo saarka - 3 sextets (1898, 1904, 1905 - Glinkinskaya pr., 1905); 4 rubuc (1899, 1905, 1928, 1946 - Maya 4, USSR State Pr., 1948); biyaano - 150 riwaayadood, oo ay ku jiraan. 12 riwaayadood oo carruurta ah ee dhibka dhexdhexaadka ah (1907), 24 riwaayadaha sifada ee dhalinyarada (4 buug, 1908), 8 riwaayado fudud (1909), iwm.; loogu talagalay violin, oo ay ku jiraan. 12 duet 2 skr. (1909); loogu talagalay cello - in ka badan 70 riwaayadood, oo ay ku jiraan. 12 ka baxo albamka (1910); jacayl iyo heeso – Waayahay. 150; muusikada riwaayadaha iyo filimada.