Degree |

Stufe Jarmal, Tonstufe, Klangstufe; shahaadada Ingiriisiga; heerka Faransiiska; Talyaani. grado; shahaado kale oo Ruush ah

Goobta codka (codka) sida isku xirka nidaamka miisaanka (gamma, tuning, mode, tonality), iyo sidoo kale codka laftiisa.

Fikradda "S." waxay la xiriirtaa fikradda cabbirka sida "salaanka" (Scala Talyaani, Jarmal Leiter, Tonleiter), dhaqdhaqaaqa kaas oo loo arko inuu yahay tallaabo ka badan, ie, isbeddel lama filaan ah oo ka yimid hal tayo (hal element) ilaa mid kale ( tusaale ahaan, c – d, d – e, e – f). Isbedelka S. waa mid ka mid ah muujinta dhaqdhaqaaqa, horumarka, iyada oo la adeegsanayo qaab-dhismeedka garoonka. Samee S. ka tirsan k.-l. nidaamka, waxa uu soo jeedinayaa habsami u socodka kala guurka mid S. Tan waxaa jira isku mid gaar ah oo u dhexeeya fikradaha S. iyo shaqada tonal. In harmonic. tonality si waafaqsan farqiga u dhexeeya labada DOS. noocyada ururka sare ee dhawaaqa - hal-madax. iyo geeso badan. - hoos ereyga "S." macnaheedu maaha oo kaliya dhawaaq gooni ah oo miisaanka ah, laakiin sidoo kale loo dhisay sida ugu weyn. codka dhawaaqa (waxay yiraahdeen, tusaale ahaan, ku saabsan dhawaaqida isku xigxiga tillaabooyinka: V - VI). Si loo qeexo S. ee taas iyo noocyo kale, G. Schenker si dhaqameed. Gelitaannada nambarada Roomaanka ayaa lagu daray Carabi:

S. chord waxay dabooshaa dhowr. S.-dhawaaqyada (tusaale ahaan, V9 chord waxaa ku jira 5, 7, 2, 4, 6, iyo ka gudubka hal "tallaabo dhawaq" oo loo guuro mid kale oo ka mid ah "helitaanka chord" looma arko isbeddel ku yimid shaqadiisa guud, maadaama ay ka siman yihiin dhammaan qaybaha ay ka kooban tahay "tallaabooyinka dhawaaqa"). In harmonic. tonality S. - xarunta maxaliga ah (micromode; tusaale ahaan, on V C. 1 gravitates ilaa 7 in kasta oo cuf-jiidka weyn), hooseeyo guud (S. sida sublad). Mid ka mid ah hababka ugu caansan ee tilmaamaya chords waxay la xiriirtaa fikradda "S.-chord", taas oo nuxurkeedu yahay muujinta tirada is-waafajinta ee taxanaha miisaanka (xusuusta shaqeynta, oo ka duwan tilmaanta tallaabo, ayaa go'aamisa macnaha xuddunta ee macquulka ah ee habka iswaafajinta). Muusigga Yurub qarniyadii 17-19aad, oo ku salaysan acoustic 12-tallaabo ah. nidaamka, oo u badan diatonic. xudunta u ah (eeg Diatonic), hababku waa waaweyn yihiin iyo kuwo yaryar, kuwaas oo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, oggolaaday chromatism. 12-ka "tallaabooyinka dhawaaqa" ee suurtogalka ah ee hababkan gudahooda ah ayaa loo qaybiyay 7 kuwa ugu muhiimsan (C-dur waxay u dhigmaan furayaasha cad ee php.) iyo 5 derivatives (la beddelay; oo u dhigma furayaasha madow); beddelka noocaas ah. chromaticity waa dhacdo ka xigta diatonic. saldhig (F. Chopin, Etude a-moll op. 25 No 11), iyo sida uu qabo mabda'a ugu weyn ee qaab-dhismeedka, frets waa in loo tixgeliyaa sida 7-tallaabo. Muusigga qarnigii 20aad oo ay weheliso 7-tallaabo, 12-tallaabo ayaa sidoo kale si nidaamsan loo isticmaalaa (chromaticism-ka dabiiciga ah iyo noocyada kale, tusaale ahaan, A. Webern's Bagatelles, op. 9, piano trio by EV Denisov). Marka lagu daro nidaamyada 7-iyo 12-tallaabo, waxaa jira kuwa kale oo leh qadar yar oo C. (tusaale ahaan, pentatonic) iyo mid ka weyn (microchromatic ka 24, 36 C .; halkan 12-tallaabo taxane ah ayaa shaqayn kara sida ugu weyn).

Waa lagama maarmaan in la kala saaro fikradaha: S. iyo macnaha gaarka ah ee codka (chord). Marka, nidaamka chromatic C (dur) waxaa suurtagal ah in la isticmaalo dhawaaqyada ces-heses-sida iyo, dhanka kale, eis-fis-gis-ais, si kastaba ha ahaatee, qiimaha dhawaaqyada gaarka ah ma keenaan xad dhaaf ah tirada dhabta ah ee "tallaabooyinka dhawaaqa" ee 12-tone chromatic. gama.

Tixraacyo: Avraamov A., Saddexaad ee darajada 2aad ee weyn, "Muusik", 1915, No 205, 213; Glinsky M., Calaamadaha Chromatic ee muusiga mustaqbalka, "RMG", 1915, Maya 49; Gorkovenko A., Fikradda tallaabo iyo dhibaatada nidaamka, "SM", 1969, No 8; Albersheim G., Die Tonstufe, "Mf", 1963, Jahrg. 16, H. 2. Eeg sidoo kale shidan. ee Art. Wanaagsan, Qaabka, Furaha, Nidaamka codka, Diatonic, Chromatic, Microchromatic, Pentatonic, Miisaanka, Dabeecad.

Yu. N. Kholopov