Franz Lehar |

Franz Lehar

Laxanka Hungarian iyo kaari. Wiil uu dhalay hal-abuur iyo maareeyaha koox-kooxeedka ciidamada. Lehar waxa uu dhiganayay (ilaa 1880) Dugsiga Muusiga ee Qaranka Budapest isaga oo ah arday dugsi sare ah. 1882-88 wuxuu bartay violin-ka A. Bennewitz ee Prague Conservatory, iyo maadooyinka teori ahaaneed ee JB Förster. Waxa uu bilaabay qorista muusiga sannadihii uu ardaydu dhiganayay. Halabuuradii hore ee Lehar waxay kasbadeen oggolaanshaha A. Dvorak iyo I. Brahms. Laga soo bilaabo 1888-kii wuxuu u shaqeeyay sidii violinist-raacii kooxda orchestra ee tiyaatarada midaysan ee Barmen-Elberfeld, ka dibna Vienna. Ku soo laabashada waddankiisii, laga bilaabo 1890-kii wuxuu ka soo shaqeeyay koox-kooxeed kooxeedyo ciidan oo kala duwan. Waxa uu qoray heeso badan, qoob ka ciyaar iyo socod (oo ay ku jiraan socodkii caanka ahaa ee loogu talagalay feerka iyo waltzka "Gold and Silver"). Waxa uu caan ku noqday ka dib markii uu ka soo muuqday Leipzig 1896-kii opera "Cuckoo" (oo loogu magac daray geesiga, nolosha Ruushka intii lagu jiray waqtigii Nicholas I; daabacaadda 2aad - "Tatiana"). Laga soo bilaabo 1899-kii wuxuu ahaa maamulaha kooxeed ee Vienna, laga bilaabo 1902 wuxuu ahaa maamulaha labaad ee Masraxa an der Wien. Daawaynta operetta "Haweenka Vietnam" ee tiyaatarkan ayaa bilaabay "Viennese" - xilliga ugu muhiimsan ee shaqada Lehar.

Waxa uu qoray in ka badan 30 operettas, kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin The Merry Carmal, The Count of Luxembourg, iyo Gypsy Love ay yihiin kuwa ugu guulaha badan. Lehar shaqadiisa ugu wanagsan waxaa lagu gartaa isku dhafka xirfada leh ee Australiya, Serbian, Slovak iyo heeso iyo ciyaaro kale ("The Basket Weaver" - "Der Rastelbinder", 1902) oo leh laxanka Hungarian szardas, Hungarian iyo heesaha Tyrolean. Qaar ka mid ah operettas-ka Lehar waxay isku daraan qoob-ka-ciyaarka casriga ah ee Maraykanka, cancans iyo waltzes-ka Viennese; tiro ka mid ah operettas, laxanku waxay ku dhisan yihiin heesaha Roomaaniya, Talyaaniga, Faransiiska, heesaha Isbaanishka, iyo sidoo kale heesaha qoob-ka-cayaarka ee Polish ("Mazurka Buluugga"); "Slavicisms" kale ayaa sidoo kale la kulmay (ee opera "The Cuckoo", in "Dances of the Blue Marquise", operettas "Carmalka Merry" iyo "The Tsarevich").

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, shaqada Lehar waxay ku salaysan tahay dhawaaqa Hungarian iyo laxanka. Laxanka Lehár way fududahay in la xasuusto, way dhex galaan, waxaa lagu gartaa "dareen", laakiin ma dhaafaan dhadhanka wanaagsan. Meesha dhexe ee Lehar's operettas waxaa ku jira waltz, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si ka duwan erayada iftiinka ee waltzes ee operetta qadiimiga ah ee Viennese, Waltses Lehar waxaa lagu gartaa garaaca dareenka. Lehar waxa uu u helay habab cusub oo uu ku muujinayo operettaskiisa, si dhakhso ah ayuu u bartay qoob-ka-ciyaarka cusub (taariikhda operettas waxa la samayn karaa muuqaalka qoob ka ciyaarka kala duwan ee Yurub). Qaar badan oo ka mid ah operettas Legar ayaa si isdaba joog ah u beddelay, cusbooneysiiyay libretto iyo luqadda muusiga, waxayna sannado kala duwan ku tageen masraxyo kala duwan oo magacyo kala duwan wata.

Lehar waxa ay muhiimad weyn siisay habaynta, oo inta badan la soo bandhigo qalabka dadweynaha, oo ay ku jiraan. balalaika, mandolin, suxuunta, tarogato si loo xoojiyo dhadhanka qaranka ee muusiga. Qalabkiisu waa mid cajiib ah, qani ah oo midab leh; Saamaynta G. Puccini, oo Lehar uu la lahaa saaxiibtinimo weyn, ayaa inta badan saameeya; sifooyin la mid ah verismo, iwm, sidoo kale waxay ka muuqdaan muuqaalada iyo jilayaasha halyeeyada qaarkood (tusaale ahaan, Eve ka operetta "Xaawa" waa shaqaale warshad fudud oo milkiilaha warshad dhalada ah uu jacayl ku dhaco).

Shaqada Lehar waxay si weyn u go'aamisay qaabka operetta cusub ee Viennese, taas oo meesha lagu magacaabo buffoonery satirical grotesque lagu qaaday majaajilada muusikada maalinlaha ah iyo riwaayadaha lyrical, oo leh walxo dareen leh. Dadaal lagu doonayo in operetta loogu soo dhawaado opera, Legar waxa uu sii qoto dheereeyaa isku dhacyada xiisaha leh, waxa uu horumariyaa tirooyinka muusiga ku dhawaad ​​qaab hawleedka, waxana uu si balaadhan u adeegsadaa leitmotifs (“Ugu dambayn, keligii!”, iwm.). Astaamahan, kuwaas oo horey loogu qeexay Jacaylka Gypsy, ayaa si gaar ah uga muuqday operettas Paganini (1925, Vienna; Lehar laftiisa ayaa tixgeliyey jacaylkeeda), Tsarevich (1925), Frederick (1928), Giuditta (1934) Dhaleeceeyayaasha casriga ah ee loo yaqaan Lehár's lyrical operettas "legariades". Lehar laftiisu wuxuu ugu yeedhay "Friederike" (laga soo bilaabo noloshii Goethe, oo leh tirooyinka muusikada ilaa gabayadiisa) heeso.

Sh. Kallosh

Ferenc (Franz) Lehar waxa uu ku dhashay April 30, 1870 magaalada Hungarian ee Kommorne qoyska ka mid ah fanaaniinta bandmaster. Ka dib markii uu ka qalin jabiyay konservatory ee Prague iyo dhowr sano oo shaqo ah sida violinist masraxa iyo muusikiiste milatari, wuxuu noqday maareeyaha Tiyaatarka Vienna An der Wien (1902). Laga soo bilaabo sannadihiisii ​​ardaynimo, Legar kama tago fikirka goobta laxamiistaha. Waxa uu curiyaa waltzes, socod, heeso, sonatas, concertos violin, laakiin inta badan waxa uu soo jiitay masraxa muusiga. Shaqadiisii ​​​​ugu horeysay ee muusiga iyo riwaayadaha waxay ahayd opera Cuckoo (1896) oo ku salaysan sheeko ka timid noloshii masaafurinta Ruushka, oo lagu horumariyay ruuxa riwaayadaha dhabta ah. Muusigga "Cuckoo" oo leh asalkiisa melodic iyo codka Slavic melancholic ayaa soo jiitay dareenka V. Leon, qoraaga caanka ah iyo agaasimaha Vienna Karl-Theatre. Shaqadii ugu horeysay ee wadajirka ah ee Lehar iyo Leon - operetta "Reshetnik" (1902) ee dabeecadda majaajilada dadka Slovak iyo operetta "Haweenka Viennese" ayaa isku mar la wada qaatay, waxay caan ku noqotay curiyaha sida dhaxalka Johann Strauss.

Sida laga soo xigtay Legar, wuxuu u yimid nooc cusub oo naftiisa ah, oo aan si buuxda u aqoon. Laakiin jaahilnimadu waxay isu rogtay faa'iido: "Waxaan awooday inaan abuuro qaabkayga operetta," muusigga ayaa yidhi. Habkan waxaa laga helay Carmalka Merry (1905) ilaa libretto by V. Leon iyo L. Stein oo ku salaysan riwaayada A. Melyak "Attache of the Embassy". Cajiibka Carmalada Farxad leh waxay la xiriirtaa tarjumaadda heesaha iyo riwaayadaha ee nooca, qoto-dheeraanta jilayaasha, iyo dhiirigelinta nafsiga ah ee ficilka. Legar wuxuu ku dhawaaqay: "Waxaan u maleynayaa in operetta ciyaareysa aysan wax dan ah u lahayn dadweynaha maanta ... <...> Hadafkaydu waa inaan kor u qaado operetta." Doorka cusub ee riwaayadaha muusiga waxaa lagu helaa qoob ka ciyaarka, kaas oo awood u leh inuu beddelo odhaah keligiis ah ama goobta duet. Ugu dambeyntii, qaab-dhismeedka cusub macnaheedu waa soo jiidashada dareenka - soo jiidashada dareenka ee melos, saamaynta orchestral soo jiidasho leh (sida glissando ee kataarad labanlaabaya xariiqda biibiile galay saddexaad), taas oo, sida ay dhaleecayn, waa sifo opera casriga ah iyo heeso, laakiin sina uma operetta luqadda muusiga.

Mabaadi'da u qaabaysan Carmallada Merry waxaa soo saartay shaqooyin xiga oo ay samaysay Lehar. Laga soo bilaabo 1909 ilaa 1914, wuxuu abuuray shaqooyin ka kooban noocyada caadiga ah. Kuwa ugu muhiimsan waa The Princely Child (1909), Tirada Luxembourg (1909), Jacaylka Gypsy (1910), Eva (1911), Kalidaa ugu dambaysta! (1914). Saddexda hore ee iyaga ka mid ah, nooca neo-Viennese operetta uu abuuray Lehar ayaa ugu dambeyntii go'an. Laga bilaabo tirinta Luxembourg, doorarka jilayaasha ayaa la aasaasay, hababka dabeecadda ah ee ka soo horjeeda saamiga qorshayaasha riwaayadaha muusikadu - lyrical-dramatic, cascading iyo farcical - ayaa la sameeyay. Mawduuca ayaa sii kordhaya, oo iyada oo la socota palette-ga caalamiga ah ayaa la hodmay: "Princely Child", halkaas oo, iyada oo la raacayo qorshaha, dhadhan Balkan ah ayaa lagu qeexay, waxa kale oo ku jira qaybaha muusikada Maraykanka; jawiga Viennese-Parisian ee Tirada Luxembourg waxay nuugtaa rinjiga Slavic (jilayaasha waxaa ka mid ah aristocrats Ruush); Jacaylka Gypsy waa operetta ugu horreysa ee Lehar "Hungary".

Laba shaqo oo sanadahaan ah, waxaa la soo bandhigay waxyaalaha si buuxda loo muujiyay markii dambe, xilligii ugu dambeeyay ee shaqada Lehar. "Jaceylka Gypsy", dhammaan noocyada caanka ah ee riwaayadeeda muusiga, waxay ku siinaysaa tarjumaad aan madmadow lahayn oo ku saabsan jilayaasha jilayaasha iyo qodobbada sheekada in heerka caadiga ah ee ka jira operetta uu isbeddelo ilaa xad. Lehar waxa uu ku nuuxnuuxsaday tan isaga oo siinaya dhibcihiisa nooc gaar ah - "operetta romantic". Isku soo dhawaanshaha quruxda opera-ga jaceylka ayaa xitaa aad looga dareemayaa operetta "Ugu dambeyntii Kalidaa!". Ka leexashada canons-ka hiddaha ayaa halkan u horseedaya isbeddel aan horay loo arag oo ku yimid qaab-dhismeedka rasmiga ah: dhammaan ficilka labaad ee shaqadu waa goob weyn oo duet ah, oo aan lahayn dhacdooyin, hoos u dhac ku yimaada horumarka, oo ay ka buuxaan dareen-gacan-maskaxeed. Ficilku wuxuu ka soo horjeedaa asalka muuqaalka alpine-ka, buuraha barafku koofiyado, iyo halabuurka ficilka, qaybaha codku waxay beddelaan jajabyo muuqaal leh oo sharraxaya. Dhaleeceynta Lehar ee casriga ah waxay ugu yeereen shaqadan "Tristan" ee operetta.

Bartamihii 1920-meeyadii, waxaa billowday xilligii ugu dambeeyay ee laxamiistaha, taasoo ku dhammaatay Giuditta, oo la sameeyay 1934-kii. (Runtii, Lehar shaqadiisa faneed iyo masraxa ugu dambeysay waxay ahayd opera The Wandering Singer, dib u habeynta operetta Gypsy Love, oo la sameeyay 1943-kii iyadoo loo soo amray Budapest Opera House.)

Lehar wuxuu dhintay Oktoobar 20, 1948.

operettas dambe ee Lehar ayaa ka fog qaabkii uu isaga laftiisu mar abuuray. Ma jiro dhammaad farxad leh, bilawgii majaajilada ayaa ku dhowaa in meesha laga saaro. Nuxurka noocooda, kuwani maaha majaajillo, laakiin waa riwaayado heeso jacayl ah. Iyo muusig ahaan, waxay u jiidayaan laxanka qorshaha hawlgalka. Asalka asalka ah ee shaqooyinkani waa mid aad u weyn in ay heleen calaamad gaar ah oo suugaanta - "legariads". Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah "Paganini" (1925), "Tsarevich" (1927) - operetta ah oo ka warramaysa nasiibdarrada wiilka Peter I, Tsarevich Alexei, "Friederik" (1928) - wadnaha dhagartiisa waa jacayl. ee gabadha yar ee Goethe ee gabadha wadaadka Sesenheim Friederike Brion , "Shiinaha" operetta "Dhulkii dhoola cadeynta" (1929) oo ku saleysan Leharov's "jaakada jaalaha ah", "Isbaanish" "Giuditta", tusaale fog kaas oo u adeegi kara sida "Carmen". Laakiin haddii qaacidada riwaayadda ah ee Carmalka Merry iyo Lehar ee shaqooyinkii xigay ee 1910-meeyadii ay noqdeen, ereyada taariikhyahanka nooca B. Grun, "Qodobka guusha dhaqanka marxaladda oo dhan", markaas tijaabooyinkii dambe ee Lehar ma helin sii wadida. . Waxay noqdeen nooc tijaabo ah; Waxay ka maqan yihiin dheelitirka bilicda ee isku-dhafka walxaha kala duwan ee abuurkiisa qadiimiga ah lagu siiyay.

N. Degtyareva

• Neo-Viennese operetta →

Halabuurka:

opera - Cuckoo (1896, Leipzig; magaca Tatiana, 1905, Brno), operetta – Haweenka Viennese (Wiener Frauen, 1902, Vienna), aroos majaajillo ah (Die Juxheirat, 1904, Vienna), carmal Merry (Die lustige Witwe, 1905, Vienna, 1906, St. Petersburg, 1935, Leningrad), Nin leh saddex xaas ( Der Mann mit den drei Frauen, Vienna, 1908), Tirada Luxembourg (Der Graf von Luxemburg, 1909, Vienna, 1909; St. Petersburg, 1923, Leningrad), Jacaylka Gypsy (Zigeunerliebe, 1910, Vienna, 1935, Moscow; , Budapest), Eva (1943, Vienna, 1911, St. Petersburg), naag ku habboon (Die ideale Gattin, 1912, Vienna, 1913, Moscow), Ugu dambeyntii, kali! (Endlich allein, 1923, daabacaadda 1914aad Sidee u qurux badan aduunka! - Schön ist die Welt!, 2, Vienna), Halka uu lark ku heeso (Wo die Lerche singt, 1930, Vienna iyo Budapest, 1918, Moscow), Blue Mazurka (Die blaue Mazur, 1923, Vienna, 1920, Leningrad), Tango Queen (Die Tangokönigin, 1925, Vienna), Frasquita (1921, Vienna), Jaakada jaalaha ah (Die gelbe Jacke, 1922, Vienna, 1923, Leningrad, oo leh dhul libre cusub ee dhoola cadeynta - Das Land des Lächelns, 1925, Berlin), iwm, singshpils, operettas ee carruurta; Orchestra - qoob-ka-ciyaarka, socodka, 2 riwaayadood oo loogu talagalay violin iyo orkestra, gabay faneedka codka iyo qandhada orchestra (Fieber, 1917), biyaano - ciyaaro, heeso, muusiga loogu talagalay bandhigyada masraxa riwaayadaha.