Romanesque |

Talyaani. Romanesca

Magaca kala duwan ee caanka ku ah Zap. Yurub 17-18 qarni. gudaha. ciyaaro qoob ka ciyaarka, wareegyada kala duwan, iyo sidoo kale aria iyo heeso leh instr. wehel, kaas oo ku salaysan melodic-harmonic gaar ah. nooc la xidhiidha folia iyo passamezzo hore (passamezzo antico).

Etymology ee magaca iyo asalka R. gebi ahaanba ma cadda. Sida muuqata, waxay ka timid Talyaaniga ama Isbayn; sidaas awgeed, magaca waxaa loo tarjumaa inuu yahay mid la mid ah qeexida "qaabka Roomaanka" (alla maniera Romana) ama sida laga soo qaatay Isbaanishka. jaceylka.

Daawaynta F. Salinas "De Musica" (1577) ayaa ka kooban tiro badan. shaybaarada laxanka dadweynaha R. - ee qaabka Portuguese. folia, oo la xidhiidha Talyaani. galliarde, spanish villancico, pavane, iwm, kuwaas oo inta badan uu farsamayn jiray prof. halabuurayaal. Decomp. Laxanka R. waxay helayaan astaamo gaar ah oo la xidhiidha laxanka. iyada oo la beddelayo horukaca tallaabo-tallaabo ah ee ka hooseeya iyaga oo ku jira mugga rubuc, iyada oo la soo bandhigayo dhawaaqyo aan xarrago lahayn, qurxiyo, iwm. Xaaladdan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhawaaqyada tixraaca waxay caadi ahaan galaan waqtiyo joogto ah. Mid ka mid ah leexashooyinka ugu horreeya ee tani waa Monteverdi's duet "Ohimi dov'i il mio ben" ee ku jira riwaayadaha buuga 7aad ee madrigals (1619).

In ka sii xasilloon ayaa ahaa sawirka baska (oo u boodaya afraad), isagoo u adeegaya sida ugu weyn. kala saar. calaamad R.; si kastaba ha ahaatee, laga bilaabo bilawgii qarnigii 17aad iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa bass quart waxaa badanaa ka buuxsamay dhawaaqyo dhexdhexaad ah. Muuse. Foomka R. waxa la aasaasay ka hor magaciisa; Asal ahaan, riwaayadaha u dhow R. waxaa lagu abuuray magacyo kale. Qaybaha ugu horreeya ee loo yaqaan "R." waa qoob-ka-ciyaar loogu talagalay lute (A. de Becchi, 1568). Bilowgii. Qarnigii 17aad R. waxay ku badan yihiin heesida baska guud, cithara (J. Frescobaldi, ururinta 1615, 1630 iyo 1634), dabaqa 2aad. Qarnigii 17-aad - ee qalabka kiiboodhka (B. Kaydinta, 1664). Qarniyadii 19-aad iyo 20-aad ee la-qabsiga heesaha qadiimiga ah waxaa fuliyay JD Alar (oo loogu talagalay violin iyo pianoforte) iyo AK Glazunov (r. laga bilaabo ballet Raymonda).

Tixraacyo: Riеmann H., The "Basso ostinato" iyo bilowgii cantata, "SIMG", 1911/12, sanadka 13; Nettl R., Laba mawduuc oo Isbaanish ostinato ah, «ZfMw», 1918/19, vol. 1, bogga 694-98; Gombosi О., Italy: patria del basso ostinato, «Rass. mus.", 1934, aayadda 7; Hоrsley J., Kala duwanaanshaha qarnigii 16aad, «JAMS», 1959, aayadda 12, b. 118-32.